Investigating the Impact of Lead Toxicity on Erythrocyte Indices in Albino Rats

Abstract

Lead is a chronic environmental pollutant that is of great health concern to humans and animals. This research examined the hematological consequences of lead acetate exposure in albino rats. Rats were randomly distributed into a control group or a lead acetate-treated group. The lead acetate group had much lower red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) than the control group. These results show the occurrence of microcytic hypochromic anemia, a frequent hematological presentation of lead toxicity. The pathways for these alterations include interference by lead with heme synthesis through inhibition of critical enzymes, production of reactive oxygen species causing oxidative stress and hemolysis of erythrocytes, and deposition in the bone marrow, interfering with erythropoiesis. The findings underscore the necessity of hematological monitoring in populations exposed to lead and the need for more studies on therapeutic interventions to counteract lead-induced hematotoxicity. This research supplements the large animal literature on lead toxicity, which has repeatedly shown extensive neurobehavioral effects in many species. The results highlight the ongoing risk of environmental lead contamination and the need for public health interventions to reduce exposure and protect susceptible populations.