Integral Research (ISSN:3048-5991) (CODEN:IRABCA) serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse disciplines to come together and explore the intersections between their respective fields. From the natural sciences to the social sciences, from humanities to technology, we aim to foster dialogue and exchange of ideas that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. Our journal encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Sustainability and environmental studies Health and well-being Socio-economic development Cultural studies and diversity Technology and innovation Education and pedagogy Philosophy and ethics Arts and literature Integral Research seeks to publish high-quality original research, reviews, and theoretical perspectives that contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues facing our world today. By bringing together insights from multiple disciplines, we strive to provide innovative approaches and novel solutions to the pressing challenges of our time. We invite researchers and scholars from all backgrounds to join us on this intellectual journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us embark on a quest to integrate knowledge, transcend disciplinary boundaries, and advance the frontiers of human understanding. Journal indexing in some prominent directories and databases. GEORGIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EuroPub Directory of Academic And Scientific Journals SJIF SPI-Hub IPIndexing KindCongress Cosmos ResearchBib RJIF ROOTINDEXING Crossref
(SAFE), Society For Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) Address: 53, Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly 243112 (UP) India Email: safeindiaweb@gmail.com Website:https://safeindia.org.in/index.php/integral-research/
Assessing the Sustainable Viability by Financial Metrics: based on Evaluation of Cooperative Society Performance on the basis of Pearls
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">In India, the cooperative organizations have been very important for the advancing economic development, Financial Inclusion, as well as for the empowerment of the community. However, the cooperatives' financial performance, governance frameworks, as well as the capacity to adjust to the changing markets and the economic condition are critical for their long-term viability. Using the PEARLS as a base this study examines the relationship between the cooperative societies' sustainability in the long term as well as their financial success for their survival. The study has used a mixed-method approach and have gathered primary data from the 149 cooperative organizations in the credit, as well as the agricultural sectors of the economy. This study has used Regression analysis, correlation, to assess the relationship between sustainability indicators and the financial stability, growth, as well as the expansion. The findings of our study indicated the strong and the positive relationship between the overall sustainability and financial success as determined by the PEARLS framework. Cooperatives who have the strong asset quality, good and ample liquidity, and high growth metrics are often seen as the more economically viable, the more socially significant, and the more sustainable as well as viable. The results of this study have proved that how crucial it is to establish very strict financial management procedures and also put in place the monitoring systems that is efficient and encourage the involvement of members. These findings may help the cooperative managers as well as the policymakers, to improve the long-term viability, effectiveness of the operations, as well as the governance.
Cooperative Societies, PEARLS Framework, Financial Stability, Growth, Expansion, Sustainability, Financial Performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Teacher Education Institutions in Promoting Inclusive and Sustainable Values
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">The TEIs assume a central crossroads of the quest in the world towards sustainable and equitable societies. Being the major players in educating the future teachers, their curriculum, pedagogical approach, and organizations cultures in essence determine the way the new generation of educators perceives and adopts inclusion and sustainability. In this paper, the authors will look at the complex role played by TEIs in fostering inclusive sustainable values. It posits that in order to achieve the real goal of education to propel the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, especially SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), TEIs should go beyond theoretical outlay to adopt transformative and justice-focused strategies. This paper addresses the conceptual foundations of inclusive education (IE) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), and shows that the two have a synergistic nature, through a systematic review of the literature. It outlines major TEI objectives such as curriculum redesign, transformative teaching, inclusive practice in institutions, community, and teacher empowerment. The main hypothesis is that TEIs that incorporate ESD and IE in a logical, justice-oriented model will bring up teachers who will be much more effective and dedicated to developing an inclusive and sustainable classroom and community, thus a multiplier effect of societal change. The conclusion highlights the necessity of TEIs as living examples of the values they profess, and it needs a fundamental change in the policy, practice, and evaluation to achieve their potential as vehicles to a more just and sustainable future.
Teacher Education, Teacher Education Institutions, Sustainable Development, UNESCO, Curriculum Integration.
Diasporas of Gods, Forgotten Histories, and Cultural Identity: Religion, Power, and Resistance in Postcolonial Manipur
This paper explores how religion, history, and power have shaped cultural identity in Manipur within a postcolonial context. It examines the spread of Hinduism and Christianity and shows how these religious influences reconfigured indigenous traditions and produced tensions over belonging and historical memory. By engaging with the political merger of Manipur with India and the workings of secular governance, the study highlights how dominant national narratives marginalised local voices. The paper also foregrounds the role of women, vernacular politics, and indigenous languages in sustaining resistance. Figures such as Rani Gaidinliu and Hijam Irabot illustrate how subaltern histories continue to challenge official accounts of the nation.
Identity Politics; Indigenous Religions; Nation-State; Feminist Historiography; Minority Cultures
A Comprehensive Review on Referencing and Citation Practices in Academic Research
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Referencing and citation practices form the foundation of scholarly communication by ensuring transparency, accountability, and ethical dissemination of knowledge. With the continuous expansion of academic literature across disciplines and the increasing reliance on digital publishing platforms, adherence to standardized citation practices has become more critical than ever. This review examines the conceptual principles of referencing, outlines its historical evolution, and explains the scholarly rationale for proper citation. Major referencing styles are discussed, with particular emphasis on the Vancouver system commonly adopted in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. Ethical considerations, common challenges encountered by researchers, and the role of reference management software are also addressed. By strengthening citation literacy and ethical awareness, this review aims to promote responsible research practices and enhance the overall quality of academic scholarship.
Academic referencing, Citation ethics, Vancouver style, Scholarly communication, Research integrity.
Reimagining the Social Novel: From Gunahon Ka Devta to Milan and Chetna
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'David',sans-serif; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The present paper explores cinematic adaptation as a complex process of cultural re-mediation by following the path of the critically acclaimed social novel of Dharmavir Bharati, Gunahon ka Devta (2000) to the two films based on it, namely: Milan (1967) and Chetna (1970). Beyond the conventional fidelity criticism, the paper argues that these movies are not merely adaptations of the novel but rather recreate the underlying disjunctions of the novel: e.g., disjunction between personal desire and social responsibility, disjunction between tradition and modernity to suit the changing commercial logic, their stars and their social-political fears of the respective times. The literature review by a comparative textual analysis shows that both these adaptations carry out a distinct cultural negotiation: the tragic, psychologically motivated social critique of the novel is translated into a myth, redemptive romance in each of them, which offers the escape of therapeutic value through the virtuous star characters of Sunil Dutt and Nutan. On the other hand, the transposition of the conflict in the gritty plane of the urban melodrama in *Chetna* turns it into a crisis of the modern sexual politics and of the urban contradiction of classes through the rebellious character of Rajesh Khanna. In the end, the paper maintains that the films can be used as a cultural barometer, to reveal how mainstream Hindi cinema is absorbing and domesticating the problematic moral ambiguities of the post-independence literary canon, and in the process transforming subtle psychological drama into mass-culture genres that appeal to the imaginations and fears of an emerging post-independent India.
Adaptation Studies, Hindi Cinema, Bollywood, Dharmavir Bharati, Social Novel, Gunahon Ka Devta, Milan, Chetna, 1960s Cinema, 1970s Cinema.
GLO Data Packages and their influence on University of Africa, Toru-Orua (UAT), Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Students’ Access to Information for Academic Purpose
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'David',sans-serif; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This study examined the influence of Glo data packages on University of Africa, Toru-Orua (UAT), Bayelsa State, Nigeria, students’ access to academic information. Affordable Internet access is crucial for students’ learning, research, and collaboration in higher education. Globacom (Glo), as a major telecommunication provider in Nigeria, has historically offered student-friendly bundles that supported academic engagement. The study sought to examine the accessibility, affordability, and academic utilisation of Glo data services, while also assessing how the tariff hike has impacted students’ ability to engage with digital learning resources. The study adopted Social Cognitive theory as the theoretical framework. However, the recent 50% increase in data tariffs approved by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) has raised concerns about affordability and equity in digital access. The study adopted a survey research design with 343 respondents drawn from various faculties of UAT. Findings revealed that Glo data were widely used for accessing e-books, online journals, virtual classes, and academic collaboration. Prior to the tariff hike, most students considered Glo data affordable, but the increase significantly limited their ability to maintain subscriptions, especially among low-income students. This has deepened the digital divide and hindered full participation in academic activities. The study concluded that while Glo data packages remain vital for academic access, affordability challenges threaten students’ learning outcomes. It recommended subsidised student-data plans, enhanced university ICT infrastructure, and partnerships between telecom providers and educational institutions to ensure equitable and sustainable access to academic information.
Data, E-Learning, GLO, Students, Tariff, Information resources.
Jorasanko Thakur Bari: The Tragedy of Women’s Lives Beneath the Veil of Grandeur
This research paper presents Jorasanko Thakur Bari not merely as a symbol of cultural grandeur and literary glory, but as a site that embodies women’s oppression, mental anguish, and silenced suffering. The study centers on the life experiences of Mrinalini Devi and Kadambari Devi, through which it examines the patriarchal order, class inequality, and the helpless condition of women within so-called elite families. Child marriage, the erasure of name and identity, emotional neglect, the relentless burden of motherhood, and psychological depression collectively shape the lived realities of women in Thakur Bari. By questioning the private familial role of a towering literary figure like Rabindranath Tagore, the paper exposes the contradictions between his poetic sensibility and his role as a husband. It also critically addresses the inhuman attitude toward widows, opposition to widow remarriage, and women’s economic dependence. The article argues that a society that spoke eloquently of national freedom and modernity simultaneously compelled women within its own households to live in conditions of mental servitude. Thus, Jorasanko Thakur Bari emerges as a powerful symbol of the suppressed realities and unspoken truths of women’s lives.
Jorasanko, Mrinalini Devi, Thakur Bari, Rabindranath Tagore, National Freedom, Mental Servitude.
Revisiting Ecocriticism and “Cli-Fi”: Reading Climate Change through Literature
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'David',sans-serif; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Literature, time and again, penetrates and reflects on the societal issues in terms of culture, politics, economy, philosophy, spirituality, human psyche and unanticipated changes in the ecology. So also, its paradigm shifts on climate issues that effect on human and natural phenomenon. Climate change is no longer a scientific or policy concern, it has become a profound cultural and imaginative challenge. This paper explores the emergence of “climate literature” as a significant area within environmental humanities. It focuses on the shift from early ecocritical writing towards contemporary “cli-fi” (climate fiction) (Johns-Putra, 2016; Slovic, 2014). Drawing on key theoretical interventions and selected literary examples, the paper delves into how literature represents the fierceness of climate change, interrogates human-nature-relationships, reimagines responsibility and hopes in the Anthropocene (Bould, 2021; Ghosh, 2016). The paper further highlights on different dimensions of climate impact on human-nature relationships, firstly, an overview of climate crisis as understood by contemporary science, secondly, the evolution of ecocriticism and the specific turn to climate change, thirdly, the rise of cli-fi as a literary mode and its thematic concerns and lastly, the pedagogical implications of teaching climate literature in the Indian classroom. The paper argues that climate literature helps readers to “feel” climate change as lived experience rather than distant abstraction, and thus functions as a vital cultural response to a global emergency (Slovic, 2014).
Climate literature, cli-fi, ecocriticism, Anthropocene, cultural response, environmental humanities, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. G M Murtheppa, Munianjinappa. K (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Project-Based Learning (PBL) and Its Impact on Student Performance
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">Project-Based Learning (PBL) is an innovative instructional approach that emphasizes active, student-cantered learning through the investigation and solution of real-world problems. This study examines the impact of PBL on student performance across academic, social, and cognitive domains. By reviewing empirical studies and theoretical frameworks, the research highlights that PBL not only enhances academic achievement but also fosters critical thinking, collaboration, creativity, and motivation among learners. The paper discusses the PBL process, its benefits, challenges, and practical strategies for effective implementation in educational settings. Findings indicate that integrating PBL into curricula can significantly improve learning outcomes and prepare students for 21st-century skills demands. Project-Based Learning (PBL) is an instructional methodology that encourages students to learn by actively engaging in real-world and meaningful projects. This paper examines the impact of PBL on student performance, highlighting its benefits, challenges, and practical applications. By reviewing recent studies and integrating pedagogical frameworks, the paper emphasizes how PBL improves critical thinking, collaboration, creativity, and academic achievement. A conceptual flowchart illustrating the PBL process is also included.
Project-Based Learning, Student Performance, Active Learning, Critical Thinking, Collaboration, Academic Achievement, 21st-Century Skills, Experiential Learning.
Religion and Hypocrisy in the Political Lyrics of Eedris Abdulkareem
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">In Nigeria, religion is deeply woven into public life, frequently serving as a source of legitimacy for political actors. Elected officials often invoke religious language to portray themselves as morally upright, while simultaneously presiding over systems rife with corruption, impunity, and inequality. This paper examines how Nigerian hip-hop artist Eedris Abdulkareem uses religious symbolism and verbal irony in his lyrics to expose the contradictions between public piety and political immorality. Focusing primarily on the songs “Jaga Jaga” and “Letter to Mr. President,” the study applies discourse analysis and semiotic deconstruction to uncover how Abdulkareem weaponizes religious language to critique elite hypocrisy. Findings reveal that Abdulkareem does not attack religion itself but critiques its manipulation by corrupt politicians who use spiritual authority as a cloak for criminal governance. His lyrics perform a reversal of moral order, placing religiously performative elites on trial before the court of public opinion. Moreover, Abdulkareem’s use of irony often dismissed as street vulgarity emerges here as a deliberate rhetorical strategy to collapse the distance between sacredness and state dysfunction. The censorship of “Jaga Jaga” further underscores the state’s discomfort with music that undermines its religious self-image. The study concludes that Abdulkareem’s music constitutes a form of informal moral critique, giving regular Nigerians a different platform to challenge the authority of those in positions of both governmental and spiritual authority. It argues that popular music remains a vital platform for ethical resistance where formal institutions such as the judiciary, media, or religious bodies have been compromised. It is recommended that religious institutions in Nigeria undertake internal reflection on their engagement with political power, resisting complicity in corrupt regimes. Additionally, scholars of religion and governance should treat popular music not merely as entertainment but as a critical archive of ethical dissent that captures the lived contradictions of a society navigating between sacred ideals and failed leadership.
Eedris Abdulkareem, religion and politics, protest music, Nigeria, moral hypocrisy, lyrical analysis, corruption, irony, popular theology, political discourse
Sustainable Digital Workflows in Theatre Production Design: A Framework for Eco-Scenography and Life Cycle Optimization in Nigeria
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The Nigerian creative sector, particularly the globally influential film industry, Nollywood, and its burgeoning theatre scene, faces a critical juncture regarding its environmental footprint. Traditional production design practices, often characterised by rapid, low-budget construction and subsequent material disposal, contribute significantly to the nation's growing waste management crisis and carbon emissions. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for Sustainable Digital Workflows (SDW), specifically tailored for the Nigerian context, to transition scenography from a linear, resource-intensive model to a circular, data-informed, and environmentally responsible practice. Drawing upon established principles from the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector, namely Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Digital Twin (DT) technologies, the SDW framework integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) directly into the digital design process. This integration is hypothesised to enable Nigerian designers to overcome infrastructural limitations by facilitating precise material quantification, promoting the use of local, sustainable materials, and maximising asset reusability. The framework addresses the unique challenges of the Nigerian context, including the need for low-cost, accessible digital solutions to bridge the digital divide and the imperative to institutionalise circularity within a highly fragmented supply chain. This research argues that the strategic adoption of SDW is not merely an efficiency measure but a fundamental requirement for the future ecological and economic viability of Nigerian performance arts, positioning the industry as a leader in sustainable creative innovation across the African continent.
Digital Scenography, Sustainable Theatre, Nollywood, Life Cycle Assessment, Digital Twin, Circular Economy.
Screen Time versus Physical Activity: A Comparative Study of Their Impact on the Physical Health of School Children
The pandemic has heightened the significance of online education. Moreover, due to certain restrictions, people’s interactions with digital tools have started to shift. Consequently, this study investigates the readiness for online learning, the phenomenon of Phubbing, and sofalizing behaviours among pre-service teachers, as well as the relationships among these variables in a fully online teaching environment. A correlational design was utilized for this research. The research involved 130 pre-service teachers as participants. Data collection was carried out using the E-Learning Readiness Scale for College Students, the Generic Scale of Phubbing, the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed, and the Sofalizing Scale. This data collection took place at the conclusion of the fall semester of the 2020-2021 academic year. The results indicated that pre-service teachers exhibited a high level of readiness for online learning. In contrast, the results for the Phubbing, being Phubbed, and sofalizing scales were notably low. There were no notable differences in these variables based on gender. A distinction was only noted in the scores for being Phubbed based on the participants’ departments. The research identified a significant correlation between Phubbing, being Phubbed, and sofalizing behaviours. However, no significant correlation was found between these factors and online learning readiness. It is recommended that the findings of this study could aid future investigations involving online learning readiness, Phubbing, and solarizing behaviours.
Online learning readiness, Phubbing, Sofalizing, COVID-19, Pre-service teachers, Pandemic.
The Ganga River as India’s Cultural Heritage: Socio-Political Dimensions of Pollution and Conservation
Ganga is a living symbol of the faith of the Indian people, and indeed of Indianness itself Ganga is the largest river in India with extraordinary religious significance. This river provides water to 40 percent of India's population in 11 states of India. In other words, the lifeline of India is Ganga. The holy Ganga, which descended from Gangotri, is becoming dirty day by day. Today it is considered the sixth most polluted river in the world. Not only an important water resource, but also a sacred entity encapsulating the essence of Indian cultural and spiritual heritage. Conservation of the Ganga involves a multidimensional effort integrating environmental, socio-cultural and political sectors, which aims to address the serious challenges of pollution, unsustainable water uses and habitat destruction, while recognizing the profound importance of the river to Indian life. This abstract delineates the dimensions of Ganga conservation, outlines the primary challenges it faces, and explores the political implications in the context of Indian cultural heritage. The environmental dimension of Ganga conservation includes combating pollution from industrial discharges, agricultural runoff and domestic waste. Efforts to revitalize the river require innovative and sustainable water management practices to ensure its ecological integrity and the health of its biodiversity. This includes measures to enhance water quality, maintain ecological flows and restore critical habitats. At present, programs like Namami Gange program and Swachh Mission etc. reflect the government's methodology for the work of Ganga conservation.
Spiritual heritage, Ganga conservation, Namami Gange programme, water resources.
Trauma and Memory: The Rapid Effects of High-Stress Levels on the Rohilkhand Region of Encoding and Storage
This study explores the neurocognitive implications of traumatic stress on memory functioning in a unique socio-cultural context of the Rohilkhand region, Uttar Pradesh, India. It tests the effects of extreme stress, which are a result of communal violence, natural disasters, and extreme economic distress, on the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of autobiographical memory. The study used a mixed-methods approach with a structured clinical examination of sixty patients with a trauma experience and two-hour phenomenological interviews of a sub-sample of twenty participants in Bareilly. Findings show that memory-related disturbances were highly prevalent: 73 per cent experienced significant intrusive memories, 65 per cent had dissociative amnesia to some parts of the traumatic experience and qualitative analysis showed that the dominant narrative form of the sensory-emotional fragments over temporal coherent narratives dominated. These results support the assumption that trauma impairs hippocampal explicit memory with hyper-activation of amygdala implicit and sensory memory systems. The paper finds that within the context of Rohilkhand, cultural models of stigma, silence and somatic expression compound neurobiology of traumatic memory, and thus require culturally sensitive, memory-centered therapy interventions in order to achieve successful trauma recovery.
Trauma, Memory, PTSD, Encoding, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Rohilkhand, Cultural Psychology.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Motivational Frameworks: Classifications and Their Usage in day-to-day Situations in Rohilkhand Region
This question studies the application of universal motivational theories in the collectivist socio-cultural environment in Rohilkhand region, India. It questions the manner in which the essence constructs defined as Self-Determination Theory (SDT) autonomy, competence, and relatedness are redefined within the framework of local value structures and the identification of the most common motivational impetus within the key sectors of the economy. It was a sequential mixed-method design (including a survey (N 50) and semi-structured interviews (n 15) of young adults in Bareilly). Findings indicate that there is a prevalent trend of socially embedded motivation with family approval (88 percent agreement), community respect (82 percent), and family financial security (82 percent) indicating the top motivators, outweighing personal passion (48 percent). The research develops a Region-Specific Motivational Model (RSMM), which assumes that motivation here is seen as a fusion system (socially embedded), where the individual desire interacts with the family and societal demands. These results challenge the unquestioning transfer of Western-centric models and have significant policy and intervention design implications in similar situations.
Motivational frameworks, Self-Determination Theory, collectivism, Rohilkhand, socio-cultural context, mixed-methods.
Narratives of Female Agency in Amrita Pritam’s Dr. Dev
This article examines the ways that Amrita Pritam’s novel Dr. Dev has redefined women’s lives in the middle-class patriarchal world, focusing on female desire, moral responsibility and emotional courage. Based on close literary criticism and feminist criticism, the essay propose that Pritam disrupts orthodox images of the “ideal woman,” who she’s been taught to select love over pregnancy and motherhood, Even if patriarchal institutions fail to confer formal freedom upon women. In the analysis, male characters — Dr. Dev in particular — act as vessels through which women communicate their agency, guilt and struggle. Ultimately, Dr. Dev represents a multifaceted critique of patriarchy, and its eventual conclusion is not just a undermining of gender roles, but rather an illumination of the price exacted from women’s and men’s domination and rebellion.
Amrita Pritam, Dr.Dev, Female Agency, Patriarchy, Motherhood as Choice, Feminist Literary CriticismsRemove Amrita Pritam, Dr.Dev, Female Agency, Patriarchy, Motherhood as Choice, Feminist Literary Criticism
Copyright (c) 2025 Saumya Dwivedi, Kanupriya Verma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Obligation to Attachment: Custodial Grandparenting in Anita Rau Badami’s The Hero’s Walk
This paper examines custodial grandparenting in Anita Rau Badami’s The Hero’s Walk (2000), focusing on the relationship between seven-year-old Nandana and her maternal grandparents after the sudden death of her parents. Drawing on attachment theory, child developmental psychology, and the intergenerational solidarity model, the study analyses how grief, guilt, obligation, and disrupted primary attachments shape the child’s responses to alternative caregivers. While Nandana forms an immediate secure attachment with her grandmother, her prolonged resistance to her grandfather reflects unresolved attachment-related trauma linked to earlier familial estrangement. The paper argues that Badami presents custodial grandparenthood as a complex, evolving practice marked by uneven bonding, delayed affectual solidarity, and moral reconciliation, thereby challenging idealised notions of grandparenting.
Custodial grandparenting, attachment, solidarity, security, loss, grief
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Sutista Ghosh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comparative Analysis of Myth and Folklores in The Man Eater of Malgudi of R. K. Nayaran and A Tiger at Twilight of Manoj Das
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Indian literature has been known for its distinguished feature of the mingling ancient narrative either of classical Hindu mythology or regional folklore with modern literature. Recently this trend was gaining more popularity as some famous writers taking pride and claiming back the rich cultural heritage of India in a new way. Indian literary genius always showed their inclination towards the use of myth and folklores. R.K. Narayan and Manoj Das two distinguished writers of Indian English fiction use this cultural reservoir for making balance between tradition and modernity. Both draw upon deep seated cultural beliefs yet their way of using these resources and their philosophical objectives stand them apart. Narayan in his Man Eater of Malgudi uses the myth of Bhasmasura of Hindu Puranic scripture and gives the message of the destruction of evil by itself and victory of good over evil. Das in his A Tiger at Twilight makes the use of tribal folklore as well as illusive historical myth of Vaneswari and Yaksha. Both Narayan and Das enrich Indian English Literature significantly, but their contributions are divergent in scope Narayan’s work reinforces the enduring power of the classical Puranic tradition and enforce stability, while Das’s fiction delves deep in folkloric reality to analyse the psychological cultural transformation. The contrast illuminates the diversity within South Asian fiction. Study shows that both offer the moral certitude of the mythic tradition and the profound psychological depth of the mythic tradition.
Myth, Folklore, Culture, Region, moral, psychic, dhrama, adharma.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ms. Rekha Dixit, Prof. Jaba Kusum Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Shifting Paradigms: Postcolonialism and Contemporary Identity in Arundhati Roy’s Works
This research delves into the complex interplay between postcolonialism and identity in Arundhati Roy's works, with a focus on her renowned novel, The God of Small Things, and her non-fiction writings. It examines how Roy portrays identity formation within a postcolonial framework, illustrating the influence of colonial legacies, social structures, and cultural intersections on both individual and collective identities in modern India. By analyzing her characters and their socio-political settings, the study reveals how Roy critiques the lingering impact of colonialism, especially concerning caste, gender, and family dynamics. Furthermore, it explores Roy's innovative use of language and narrative techniques to challenge dominant ideologies and give voice to marginalized perspectives. The research emphasizes Roy's significant role in postcolonial literature by showcasing how identity shifts and adapts amid historical and cultural transformations. Ultimately, it seeks to deepen the understanding of how colonialism continues to shape personal and political identities in contemporary Indian society
Copyright (c) 2025 B.V.Gurulakshmi, S. Satyam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Manuscripts to Digital Archives: Evolution of Mananchira Library as a Cultural Hub
The evolution of public libraries as a cultural hub reflects a tremendous change from the pattern of information storage to the disposition of communal intellectual exploration within the digital space. The space that libraries provide supports and prompts learning, interaction, and involvement in a cultural context. As a space where values and social networks are nurtured, the Kozhikode Public Library plays a significant role in strengthening civil society by fostering shared values and community-centered learning. The growing digital landscape has introduced both opportunities and challenges, compelling libraries to transition from traditional models to digitized, accessible platforms. Situating the library within the broader intellectual and socio-cultural history of the region, the study traces its origins in a manuscript-based knowledge system that preserved literary, historical, and religious texts, and analyzes the gradual institutionalization of reading practices and public access to knowledge. The paper explores how the library functioned as a crucial space for scholarly engagement, civic discourse, and the dissemination of modern ideas during different historical phases, particularly in the context of colonial modernity and postcolonial cultural development.
Public Library, Digital Archives, Mananchira Library, Cultural Hub, Public Access.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasna V P (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
History, Myths and Literature in the Plays of Girish Karnad: A Critical Exploration
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Girish Karnad is a modern Indian English dramatist who is renowned with his stunning skills of integrating native myths with history in such a way that appeals to modern sensibility. His play serves as a good example of how classical themes could be re-contextualised and adjusted to the realities of the contemporary theatre, thus making the cultural discourse of the present enriched. The modern man is forced to wander through a maze of economic, political, and ideological problems in the dominant materialistic environment. This is the situation in the oeuvre of Karnad, which indicates that even with external growth, there are still those who are deprived of spiritual illumination. His dramatics thus ask the question of what follows the progress and inner satisfaction, placing the existential crisis of the person at the centre of the story. Thematically, the plays of Karnad are in a spherical arrangement around the complex interaction of the past, history, myth and legend. Having condensed these stories within the aggregate memory of India, he reforms them in a way that they are relevant to the predicaments of the contemporary humankind. This approach will enable him to ask questions of how far historical and mythological paradigms can shed some light on the modern social and ethical dilemmas. The current essay critically evaluates how Karnad employs history, myth and literature in his stock of drama. It is also prefigurative of the similarities between his practice and the statements by T.S. Eliot, who said that the past should be re-done by the present just to a degree that the present is also informed by the past. In this sense, the essay places Karnad in a wider intertextual culture of negotiating the time. Such works as "Tughlaq," in which historical events are used to unveil the ups and downs of power and government; or the mythically charged works "Hayavadana" and "Nagamandala," measuring human desire, identity and social mores through folklore, are illustrative of such a technique. Combining the ancient narration forms with the modern political awareness, Karnad manages to craft a type of the theatre, which feels both Indian and instantly relevant to the viewers. In the end, this paper has shown how the dramaturgy of Karnad is a cultural reflection and how it helps us question our identity and the social frameworks by deliberately blurring the boundaries between history, myth, and literature. His plays thus do not just add to the canon of aesthetics, but also the socio-cultural mirror of contemporary India.
Girish Karnad, Indian Drama in English, Cultural heritage, Search for identity, Myths and history, Past and present, Literature and theatre, Power and politics, Women empowerment.
Rethinking Patronage: Audience Investment Models and the Future of Cultural Funding in Nigeria
The question of cultural patronage remains central to the survival and growth of literature and theatre in Nigeria. Historically, patronage was derived from royal courts, wealthy elites, and later government institutions; however, these forms have proven unstable, inconsistent, and often subject to political manipulation. In recent years, dwindling state support, coupled with economic uncertainties, has compelled practitioners to seek alternative models of cultural funding. This paper interrogates the possibilities of rethinking patronage through audience investment models that re-centre the consumer of art as a co-creator of value and sustainability. Drawing on theories of cultural economy, postcolonial cultural practice, and audience development, the paper situates Nigerian theatre within both African and global contexts of cultural funding. Using comparative perspectives from South Africa, Kenya, Latin America, and Europe, it highlights subscription schemes, community-based funding, cooperative models, and digital patronage platforms as viable alternatives for Nigeria’s creative industries. The study argues that audience investment offers a pathway not merely for survival but for cultural empowerment, as it encourages participatory ownership and reduces overdependence on political or elite benefactors. Ultimately, this approach foregrounds a future of Nigerian theatre and literature that is sustainable, democratised, and more attuned to the cultural agency of its audiences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucy Michael Iseyen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Jharkhand, located in the east-central part of India, is a state rich with endless tourism potential. This region is renowned for its natural beauty, dense forests, waterfalls, and hilly terrains, which are ideal for adventure activities. Jharkhand's major rivers, such as the Koel and Swarnarekha, not only contribute to scenic beauty but also boost tourism.​ The abundance of historical sites, like Pathalgar and Garhwa, makes it a significant cultural destination. The tribal culture here, with its vibrant festivals, traditions, and local cuisines, offers immense allure. Jharkhand offers unique opportunities for adventure sports like mountaineering, trekking, and river rafting, thrilling tourists.​ Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Palamu Tiger Reserve, serve as key attractions for wildlife enthusiasts. However, challenges like tourism infrastructure, safety, and site cleanliness persist. Organized and robust policies are needed to address these issues.​ If efforts are directed correctly, Jharkhand can emerge as a major tourism hub not just domestically but internationally, aiding local economy and job creation.
Natural beauty, waterfalls, historical sites, tribal culture, biodiversity.
The Influence of Journalists’ Remuneration and Trauma on News Content in Kenya
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Salary delays for journalists across the globe are a menace that has hurt the media industry for decades. In Kenya, for example, some journalists go for up to a year without pay. The situation is so dire that, at times, they spend their nights in offices due to rent arrears at home and even contemplate suicide. This has led to increasing cases of mental ill-health among journalists, forcing some to down their tools, others to resort to brown-envelope journalism, while some female journalists engage in prostitution and other unprofessional acts<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keywords:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Patriarchy, oppression, resistance, radical feminism, male dominance, domestic labour, gender oppression, marriage. These behaviours have greatly affected the way journalists cover events and have significantly influenced the news content presented to audiences. Many studies have been conducted in this area; however, the majority of the research discusses violence, conflicts, death scenes, and protests as the main causes of mental torture and trauma among journalists, while the psychological impact of salary delays remains under-researched. This study aimed to fill that gap by assessing the extent of salary delays among journalists in Kenya, examining their effects on journalists’ mental health, and determining their impact on news content. The study used a descriptive survey research design in which an Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods approach was utilized for data collection. For the quantitative phase, 180 questionnaires were randomly distributed to journalists working for the Standard Group, Mediamax, and the Radio Africa Group. For the qualitative phase, 20 key informants drawn from media stakeholders and health experts were purposively interviewed using a Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) survey. The study was grounded in Albert Bandura’s Cognitive Social Theory, developed in the 1960s. The study found that Kenyan journalists face grave salary delays, leading to mental ill-health among those struggling to cope with the situation. Finally, the circumstances have negatively impacted news content. Therefore, newsrooms should develop stronger policies on human resources, as well as economic and health welfare, as this will enhance performance and therefore promote democracy and social justice in society.
Trauma, salary delay, depression, mental health, remuneration, news content.
To Study the Effectiveness of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Problem Solving Abilities of Students of Science of Senior Secondary Classes
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'David',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kokila; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">Our country always has been a major seat of learning for centuries and education has ever been looked on Indian culture as a holistic effort. The NEP (<span lang="HI" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Kokila',sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: David; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: David; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">1986) <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'David',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kokila; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">was a landmark in our education system, based on a depth review of the Indian educational system. With advent, rapid expansion and use of information and communication technology in every sphere of life. To work with ICT in science teaching is also helpful up to secondary level as it helps to create a concrete focus on teaching with holistic cognitive behaviour in the teaching-learning process. Present study has investigated the impact of ICT on learning science and problem-solving ability on the achievement of students. Result shows there is no significant difference in problem solving abilities of students of science of senior secondary classes of CBSE or UP Board. There is no significant difference in the problem-solving abilities of students (Boys and Girls) of senior secondary classes of CBSE and UP Board. But there is significant difference in problem solving abilities of students of senior secondary classes teaching through traditional teaching and teaching with ICT. Therefore, ICT has major impact on learning and Research shows effectiveness of ICT in teaching-learning process of education system.
NEP (National Education Policy), ICT (Information & Communication technology), CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education), U.P. Board (Uttar-pradesh Board), Secondary classes, Achievement ability, Problem Solving Ability, Effectiveness Interdisciplinary, Traditional Teaching.
Social media has become an essential part of young people's lives in the modern digital age, exerting a profound influence on their social, academic, and personal development. This study is based on 100 postgraduate students of Das College, Badaun district, and seeks to understand how social media affects their studies, behaviour, mental health, and lifestyle. The findings show that nearly 90% of students use social media for educational purposes, and platforms such as WhatsApp, YouTube, Instagram, and ChatGPT have become important tools for them. However, many students also experience stress when they do not have access to a phone, face comparison-induced pressure, and tend to perceive virtual social media life as better than reality. About 60% of the students feel pressured after viewing others’ online lifestyles, and 80% experience anxiety when they do not have their phones. The study further reveals that while social media provides opportunities for information, networking, learning, and creative expression, it also negatively affects mental health, time management, and self-esteem. Therefore, digital literacy, awareness, and family/institutional support are essential for safe and balanced digital use.
Social Media, Higher Education, Communication, Social Relationships, Digital Pressure, Social Sites/Apps, Youth, Moral Values, Internet Crimes, Lifestyle.
Impact of the Growing Use of UPI on the Indian Economy
The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has become the largest and most convenient mode of digital payment in India. Since its launch in 2016, UPI has rapidly transformed the country from a cash-dominated economy into a digital payment–driven economy. This research paper aims to examine the direct and indirect effects of UPI on the Indian economy. The study will cover several dimensions, including economic growth, government revenue, financial inclusion, employment generation, micro and cottage industries, consumer behaviour, digital infrastructure, policy reforms, and cybersecurity.
Economic Development, Financial Inclusion, Employment Generation, Micro and Cottage Industries, Consumer Behaviour, Digital Infrastructure, QR Code, Insurance Market, Digital Payment Pillars, etc.
Indian Knowledge Tradition and Modern Society: Values, Change, and Continuity — A Sociological Reflection
The Indian knowledge tradition holds a central place among the world’s oldest and most richly developed intellectual traditions, profoundly shaping every dimension of human life—religion, philosophy, society, education, and culture. It is not confined merely to scriptures and classical texts; rather, it manifests in every practical sphere of life through ethics, duty, and the spirit of collective well-being. With the emergence of modern society, technological, economic, and social transformations have also reshaped value systems. Even in this age of materialism, the timeless values of the Indian knowledge tradition—truth, non-violence, righteousness, compassion, self-restraint, harmony, unity, service, sacrifice, knowledge, and wisdom—continue to provide ethical direction. This paper offers a sociological reflection on the foundational elements of the Indian knowledge tradition and explores how it sustains continuity while adapting to change in modern and industrial society. The study further highlights that revisiting India’s value tradition within the current social structure can offer new perspectives on issues such as social justice, environmental consciousness, and global peace. Thus, the Indian knowledge tradition is not merely a legacy of the past but a living guide for the moral reconstruction of contemporary society.
Indian Knowledge Tradition, Modern Society, Sociological Reflection, Value Transformation, Continuity, Cultural Renaissance, Ethics, Social Balance, Environmental Consciousness
The Study of Female Characters in Sudha Murty’s Dollar Bahu
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The female characters of Sudha Murthy oeuvre are not only endowed with the name of an elastic resilience, but they are also in fact, a conscious opposition to the cultural hegemony that attempts to restrain them. In my critical analysis, I enlighten on how these women are inverting normative prescriptions in their behavior, actions and heroism. They rebel through the mould of collective expectations by claiming individuality, taste, and fortitude, thus rejecting the domination of the patriarchs, domestic tutelage, injustice in the system and archaic conventions. Their daring act of nonconformity is not a simple vigilante event; it is the act itself, which enables them to create an autonomous story, which puts to pieces any suggestion that they can be nothing more than echoing echoes of others. The paper then questions how the characters of Murthy break their boundaries; how they struggle and triumph in a world dominated by men. By the stories, Murthy challenges the concept of empathy, understanding, and empowerment, and so motivates us to fight in favor of the rights and equality of women. Her writings break the norm and make the reader (at least me) reevaluate the preconceived ideas about the abilities of women in society, thus standing the so-called young, independent women as the sellers of their agency.
Morden Woman, Patriarchal, Oppression, Traditional Norms, Violence.
Food in the Indian Knowledge Tradition: A Comparative Study of Ancient and Contemporary Indian Food Practices—Changes, Impacts, Causes, and Remedies (With Special Reference to Eastern Nimar/Khandwa District)
On this entire earth, the human being is the only creature who holds the ability to direct other animals, birds, and nature according to his own thinking and wisdom. Relying on his intellectual power and physical strength, humanity has created countless histories. Using his intelligence, he developed numerous medicines to protect all living beings from physical and mental ailments. To provide comfort to all creatures, he invented machinery through scientific methods, reducing physical labor and saving time, thereby bringing life into a more convenient state. In the 21st century, we are living with many material comforts. However, day by day, individuals are becoming detached from their surroundings. Within them, problems such as insomnia, frustration, anxiety, the tendency to keep running in the race to achieve everything, the breakdown of families, the near-disappearance of joint families, bitterness in the marital lives of couples in nuclear families, single mothers, single fathers, and the shattered childhoods of innocent children are becoming widespread. Most alarming of all is the growing disorientation among the youth today.