Integral Research (ISSN:3048-5991) (CODEN:IRABCA) serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse disciplines to come together and explore the intersections between their respective fields. From the natural sciences to the social sciences, from humanities to technology, we aim to foster dialogue and exchange of ideas that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. Our journal encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Sustainability and environmental studies Health and well-being Socio-economic development Cultural studies and diversity Technology and innovation Education and pedagogy Philosophy and ethics Arts and literature Integral Research seeks to publish high-quality original research, reviews, and theoretical perspectives that contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues facing our world today. By bringing together insights from multiple disciplines, we strive to provide innovative approaches and novel solutions to the pressing challenges of our time. We invite researchers and scholars from all backgrounds to join us on this intellectual journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us embark on a quest to integrate knowledge, transcend disciplinary boundaries, and advance the frontiers of human understanding. Journal indexing in some prominent directories and databases. GEORGIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EuroPub Directory of Academic And Scientific Journals SJIF SPI-Hub IPIndexing KindCongress Cosmos ResearchBib RJIF ROOTINDEXING Crossref
(SAFE), Society For Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) Address: 53, Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly 243112 (UP) India Email: safeindiaweb@gmail.com Website:https://safeindia.org.in/index.php/integral-research/
Unmasking The Masks: A Close Reading of Namita Gokhale’s A Himalayan Love Story
Namita Gokhale’s novel A Himalayan Love Story is essentially a poignant tale of the love of Parvati and Mukul which remains unconsummated due Hiranand Joshi’s belief in the concept of miscegenation. It is a reiteration of the fact that true lovers are fated to be pulled apart. The novel aims to distinguish between love and lust. Though Parvati sleeps with Salman and Raju, she never experiences emotional fulfilment. Similarly, Mukul’s physical relationship with his wife Adeleine and Pasang Rampa does not give him any joy. However, their longing for each-other wanes with the passage of time. The present study is an essay to navigate how the real faces of characters are unmasked in the novel. At first, it is Parvati who unmasks the real character of her mother which distances her from her. Then, to her is unmasked the homosexual nature of her husband, Lalit. Next, Hiranand’s real nature is revealed to us and we are shocked to know that his preachings and practices are widely different. To us is also revealed the true nature of Parvati and Mukul who yield to the physical temptations. The paper also discusses the problems of widowhood, girls’ education and complications of human relations as the novel is chiefly woven around them.
Himalayan, Love, Lust, Miscegenation, Unmasking, Widowhood
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Inflation Dynamics in Developing Economies: Empirical Evidence from India
In view of the structural problems, supply-side shocks, and external sector vulnerabilities, the macroeconomic issue of inflation is an endemic one in all developing economies. The present research aimed to use the empirical data provided by Bharat to research the macroeconomic issues of inflation in the context of developing economies. The main research aims are to find the main cause of inflation and to understand the volatility and persistence of the macroeconomic issues of inflation. By using the secondary data provided by the macroeconomic variables like food and fuel prices, exchange rates and the fiscal deficits of the economy. The research aims to use the quantitative methodology for the time ranging from 2000 to 2024. The relative contribution of the macroeconomic variables is analyzed by performing multiple regression analysis in order to understand that macroeconomic issue of inflation according to the research aims the main causes of inflation are supply side shocks and the depreciation of the exchange rates, While the impact of Fiscal deficit is quite low. For Inflation management, the research interpreted the remedies we have suggested in Forward Strategies.
Inflation, Macroeconomic Challenges, shocks, determinants, dominant role, persistent role, policy stability, reforms, exchange rate strategies
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Medieval Muslim Culture on Contemporary Hindu Culture and Its Evaluation
The interaction between medieval Muslim culture and contemporary Hindu society produced profound transformations in India’s social, linguistic, literary, and cultural spheres. With the establishment of Muslim rule between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries, Persian and Arabic languages gained prominence, significantly influencing Hindi and other regional languages. This contact contributed to the evolution of Urdu and introduced new literary forms such as the ghazal and masnavi. Simultaneously, the Bhakti movement flourished through the use of regional vernaculars by saints such as Kabir, Tulsidas, and Surdas, who promoted social reform, religious devotion, and communal harmony. Their emphasis on accessible language helped bridge social divisions and strengthened cultural integration. In the social domain, the period witnessed both synthesis and tension. Administrative reforms, revenue organization, and cultural patronage under rulers such as Akbar fostered structured governance and composite traditions often described as Indo-Islamic or Ganga-Jamuni culture. Developments in architecture, music, and trade further enriched Indian society. However, social rigidities, economic pressures on peasants, and instances of religious intolerance also marked the era. Thus, medieval Muslim rule in India had a complex and mixed impact, contributing to cultural synthesis and literary growth while also intensifying certain social and economic challenges.
Medieval India, Indo-Islamic Culture, Bhakti Movement, Linguistic Development, Social Change
Mughal-Era Social Conditions in India and Their Evaluation
The social, economic, and literary landscape of Mughal India was multidimensional and dynamic. With the establishment of Muslim rule, a new process of cultural interaction and synthesis began within Indian society. As a result, society appeared to be broadly divided into three main classes: upper, middle, and lower. The upper class included nobles, feudal lords, and high-ranking officials, who led lives of considerable luxury. The middle class consisted of merchants, state employees, and skilled artists. The lower class comprised peasants, laborers, and artisans, whose conditions were generally difficult and economically constrained. The status of women varied according to class, religion, and prevailing social customs. Practices such as purdah, child marriage, sati, and dowry were prevalent in many sections of society. At the same time, some upper-class women actively participated in education and literary pursuits. Economically, the Mughal system was primarily agrarian; however, industry, crafts, and both internal and overseas trade were highly developed. The textile industry in particular flourished, and major Indian ports facilitated extensive maritime commerce. Significant progress was also achieved in literature and the arts during this period. From Babur to Shah Jahan, most Mughal rulers extended patronage to scholars and writers in various languages, especially Persian and Hindi. The composition of historical chronicles, translation projects, and the growth of Bhakti literature enriched the cultural fabric of the age. Thus, the Mughal period stands out as an important phase in Indian history, marked by an integrated pattern of social structure, economic development, and literary advancement.
Mughal Period, Social Structure, Economic System, Literary Advancement, Bhakti Movement
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Poetry of Robert Frost: A Treasure of Thoughts
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The poetry of Robert Frost is a golden treasury of thoughts and morals of common day to day life. The thoughts expressed in the poetry are not direct and straight-forward, rather a combination of beautiful images and symbols, technique and style. Each poem of Robert Frost contains some universal idea or message which is the demand of the day. The beauty of his poetry lies in his deep and profound exploration of some events specially in and around nature and rural surroundings. We all human being are often interacted with various activities of Nature, but the credit goes to Robert Frost who observes the things very minutely and dives deep into the natural objects or events and churns out the truth. As a matter of fact, every object of Nature has something to say, but it all depends upon our observation. As the milk contains the oil or ghee, but we don’t see it. But when it is churned by a milkman, both milk and ghee are separated. In the same way, Robert Frost, like a milkman churns the poems and takes out its essence in the form of ideas and messages which are very relevant today. This research paper is devoted to a critical study of some well-known poems of Robert Frost and examines and elucidates the various thought and ideas hidden in the poetry.
Robert Frost, Nature, Rural Life, Philosophy of Life, Observation of Nature, Human experience.
The Role of Media in Northeast India: Challenges and Opportunities
India’s Northeast region, popularly known as the “Seven Sisters and One Brother,” is an important part of the country due to its rich cultural diversity, geographical significance, and strategic location. The states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, and Sikkim share international borders, and therefore face challenges related to security and national integration. Media can serve as a powerful medium to connect this region with the national mainstream.
Northeast India; Social Structure; Print Media; Electronic Media; Terrorism
Narratives of Survival and Retribution: The Mahua Dabar Massacre of 1857
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The current research casts a questioning eye over the 1857 massacre of British officers which immediately followed the village of Mahua Dabar and the consequent complete destruction of that township by British colonialists. Based on the primary source documents of the time, i.e., the traumatic narration of the sergeant Busher, the official papers of the Commissioner William Wynyard, and the military diaries of William Peppé, this work examines the fusion of colonial trauma and the state-sponsored revenge. The exploration of the events that followed the Faizabad mutiny is also narrated with a special focus on how the British government changed its attitude of defensive helplessness into an offensive operation of aggressive cleansing of the surrounding rural setting. This thesis argues that the destruction of Mahua Dabar did not just serve as a case of military necessity but was in fact a symbolic performance of power of the colonizers meant to reestablish Iqbal-i.e. prestige- through the physical eradication of a supposedly rebellious district. Moreover, the ambiguity of the local loyalties is interrogated in furtherance of the future of the agency of the Indian intermediaries who ambivalently participated in the insurgency either by aiding the fugitives or by joining the insurgency. Contrasting between the information power, represented in the British documentary evidence, and the corporeal silence of the destroyed village, the paper provides subtle understanding of counter-insurgency tactics, as well as the politics of shared memory in the Great Uprising in the Basti district.
Survival and Retribution, Mahua Dabar Massacre, British government, William Wynyard, Basti.
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The paper tried to explain the theoretical views of the nexus between inequality and religion where income inequality is considered as the difference between the income shares of top 10% and bottom 50%. How income share of top 10% influenced the religious impact on inequality as well as its causal effects. On the other hand, how the income share of bottom 50% reacted with the religious activities in the society is explained in this paper. Some important research contents were also discussed in which religion endogenously or exogenously influences the income inequality. Religion is to be considered as a factor of inclusive growth process in India.
Religiosity, inequality, poverty, religious institutions.
Reflection of Diasporic Consciousness in the Select Works of Malaysian Literature: A Study of Innate Crisis in Indian Immigrants
Personal thoughts or ideas of real-world life sometimes do not look in nuanced manner to the readers by directly expressing it in biographical or autobiographical form, as the society is governed by existing rules. The norms of the society are governed by the class or the status of the person. Importance of being cognitive in class consciousness, matters most in this materialistic world. The selected works envision the readers about understanding the diasporic consciousness in the substantial form, as it deals with the problems of immigrants in settled land, the selected works forethought authors shrewd beauty and eye-catching gesture for the readers. Every author explains the diasporic consciousness in their own form. This paper mainly deals with war-crimes, racial discrimination, atrocities, sadomasochism, feministic perspective, vengeance, oppression, inflation, unemployment, colonialism, postcolonialism, existentialism, hybridity, cognitive behaviour, class consciousness, hegemony, commonwealth nation, socio-political conflicts, bildungsroman, dual colonist interventions(British, Japanese) and psychological disturbances. Structure of select works are linear and nonlinear in nature. The dystopian vision of the migrant land turns like a mirage after assimilating to the host land is nicely reflected in the selected works. For readers, there is no spoiler in between works, spilled beans and spine-chilling revelation occurs in the works. Overall, the study provides insights into the diasporic consciousness and its certain limitations and emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of the Indian immigrants experiences in Malaysia.
Diasporic-consciousness, Indian-immigrants, bildungsroman, war-crimes and hegemony.
Copyright (c) 2026 Priyanka Loni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reframing Globalization Through Disability and Education: Rights, Inclusion, and Transformative Justice
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">One of the most pressing intersections in modern global social policy, pedagogy, and human rights discourse is that between education and disability. Education serves as a place where citizenship, dignity, economic engagement, and social belonging are negotiated in addition to being a place where knowledge is acquired. However, people with disabilities continue to be one of the groups most excluded from education globally. This essay looks at disability and education from pedagogical, historical, theoretical, and policy perspectives. The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), the emergence of inclusive education frameworks, legal mandates, and the transformation of educational institutions through inclusive pedagogy, assistive technology, and universal design are all examined. The connection between disability and globalization is inherently contradictory. While globalization has increased visibility, enhanced rights frameworks, fostered technological advancements, and encouraged transnational solidarity, it has also exacerbated inequality, insecurity, and systemic exclusion. People with disabilities continue to be disproportionately impacted by poverty, exclusion from the workforce, digital disparities, and deficiencies in policy. The benefits promised by globalization often do not materialize for those who are marginalized. However, disability advocacy, human rights initiatives, and technological advancements indicate a potential for a more inclusive global system. The direction of globalization hinges on its capacity to prioritize accessibility, justice, and human dignity. Disability highlights the ethical constraints of globalization, prompting a reevaluation of concepts related to productivity, citizenship, physicality, and community. Achieving an inclusive global future necessitates not just integration but significant transformation
Globalization, Disability, Transformative Justice, Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), human rights, technological advancements.
Earnings Management and Market Value of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria
This paper explores the effectiveness of earnings management (EM) in determining the market value of the Nigerian listed Deposit Money Banks. Out of the fourteen institutions, twelve institutions were sampled to be analyzed, and data were taken from their annual reports from 2014 to 2024. Utilizing the descriptive statistics and panel regression, it became possible to find that accrual EM has an inverse influence on the Tobin Q (t-value = -2.1875, p < 0.05). The results indicate that investors are sensitive to earnings manipulation, and this, in effect ,reduces the value of firms in the market environment. The conclusion shows that there is an unhealthy relationship between EM practices and market value. In its recommendations, the study suggests that the management and other stakeholders employ the accrual-based EM practices that help to increase the transparency and informativeness of the financial reporting to strengthen the confidence of investors and the overall firm value
Earnings management, market value , panel regression analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Jimoh Ibrahim, Kofoworola Olayiwola David, Waheed Olayemi Ajiteru, Zuliyat Osinimu Adinoge, Oluwafemi Olusegun Idowu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bakhtinian Carnival and Folk Resistance to Hierarchical Power in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales
The paper will analyse the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer in terms of the theoretical approach to the carnivalesque in the works of Mikhail Bakhtin with regard to the ways in which the folkloric laughter, everyday language or speech, and visuality of the body are used to resist the hierarchical systems of power in the Middle Ages. Based on the respective stories like The Miller Tale, The Reeve Tale, and The Wife of Bath Tale, the research holds that Chaucer exploits the folk traditions and carnival aesthetics to disrupt feudal, clerical, and patriarchal authority. Instead of serving to strengthen the dominant ideology, the text establishes a dialogic literary space in which voices of the bottom challenge the official culture. The paper places Chaucer in a wider context of folk resistance and shows how carnival is not only a comic relief of a political nature but also a culturally explosive act that occasionally turns the social order upside down and challenges the power of the institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Nand Gopal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Resurgence of Sita in Select Contemporary Narratives
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">In recent years, Sita from the Ramayana has been reimagined as a strong, independent character, breaking away from her traditional image as the epitome of passive virtue. This reimagining in contemporary literature reflects a broader cultural shift aimed at empowering mythological women by reclaiming their stories. This research will focus on Sita’s portrayal as a warrior and leader in works like Sita: Warrior of Mithila by Amish Tripathi and The Forest of Enchantments by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. By examining these narratives, the study will highlight how modern retellings emphasize Sita’s strength, agency, and resilience, challenging patriarchal norms and offering new models of womanhood
Myth, Narrative, Sita, Ramayana, Women, Empowerment, Warrior.
Concept, Process and Practice of Costume Design Digitalization in Contemporary Nigerian Theatre
Costume design constitutes fundamental component of theatrical productions, shaping not only artistic performances but also the cultural and visual representation of individuals and groups according to thematic, characterization and context demands. Over time, costume design has undergone significant transformations, particularly with the advent of digital technologies which have redefined creative processes in contemporary theatre practice. This study examines the evolution of costume design from the analogue foundations to present day digitally mediated practice. It interrogates how digital techniques and tools are increasingly employed in the conceptualization, execution and visualization of costumes for theatrical productions. Adopting qualitative research approach, the study analyses the approaches of traditional costume design and evaluates the integration of digital technologies within contemporary practice. The findings underscore significant need to embrace digital innovation in costume design; and recommends that theatre practitioners incorporate digital methods and tools in their productions so as to enhance creativity, efficiency as well as realism in theatre practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dora Nnanake Ekeke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Indian Handicrafts: Art, Culture, Social Structure, and Economy
Indian civilization is distinguished by its rich cultural traditions, artistic expressions, and labour-based systems of production. Among these traditions, Indian handicrafts occupy a position of great significance. Handicrafts are not merely a process of producing objects; they represent the tangible form of a society’s cultural consciousness, historical memory, and economic life. For centuries, the Indian handicraft industry has served as a foundation for livelihoods in both rural and urban communities, and even today this sector provides direct and indirect employment to millions of people. The nature of the handicraft industry is primarily labour-intensive, involving the integrated use of traditional knowledge, local skills, and natural resources. Unlike modern industrial production systems, handicrafts preserve human creativity and cultural identity. From this perspective, the handicraft industry is not only an economic activity but also a carrier of social and cultural heritage.
Handicrafts Culture Traditional Techniques Labour-Intensive Industry Employment-Oriented / Employment-Generating Cultural Heritage
Mapping the Local: Literary Micro-Geographies of Amit Chaudhuri
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">The paper is a critical exploration of the concept and the application of the idea of local tints in the works of a modern Indian writer, Amit Chaudhuri. Leaving behind the postcolonial grand narrative that has dominated readings of Indian English fiction since the start of the twentieth century, the paper holds that the phenomenology of the local is central to Chaudhuri; the specific textures, sounds, atmospheres, and mundane details of place, with Calcutta (Kolkata), its native, giving the novelist primary focus, and Bombay (Mumbai) and provincial towns receiving secondary focus. Through a critical examination of his major novels, viz., the title chapters of his works, which are a strange and sublime address, afternoon raag, freedom song and the immortals, the analysis illustrates the ways in which an aesthetic by Chaudhuri makes the minor, the transient and the senses visible. It argues that his local tints are not, however, merely decorative, but represent a radical form of attention, which opposes monumental history, national allegory, and the typical elements of the Indian novel in English, to provide a different ontology of the everyday where the local is a place of silent but significant epistemological and aesthetic revelation.
Amit Chaudhuri; Local Tints; Everyday; Postcolonial Minimalism; Calcutta- Kolkata; Indian English Fiction.
Assessing the Role of Emerging Contaminants in the River Varuna: Implications for Water Quality Ecosystems and Public Health
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Emerging contaminants are a class of chemicals and biological agents that are not yet subject to routine environmental monitoring or regulatory standards but are increasingly detected in environmental media and are of concern due to their potential ecological and human health impacts. Emerging contaminants (ECs) including pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, and industrial chemicals are increasingly detected in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. While extensive research has documented ECs in the River Ganga and its major tributaries, there is a knowledge gap regarding their occurrence and ecological significance in smaller urban tributaries such as the Varuna River in Varanasi, India. This study synthesizes existing water quality data, regional emerging contaminant research, and urban pollution dynamics to evaluate how ECs may impact the Varuna’s water quality, aquatic ecosystems, and human health. The findings highlight chronic pollution from untreated sewage and insufficient wastewater infrastructure, which are likely facilitating the transport and persistence of ECs in this urban waterway. The paper concludes with recommendations for targeted monitoring, risk assessment, and management strategies.
Emerging contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, Industrial waste, human health impacts
Sadak, Bollywood Movie, Directed by Mahesh Bhatt
Sadak, Bollywood Movie, Directed by Mahesh Bhatt, Vishesh Films, Language-Hindi, Running Time 134 Minutes
Academic and Research Writing: Principles, Ethics and Contemporary Practices in Scholarly Communication
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Academic and research writing constitutes the foundation of scholarly communication and knowledge dissemination in higher education and professional research environments. It requires logical organization, clarity of expression, critical engagement with existing literature, and adherence to ethical and disciplinary conventions. This manuscript presents a comprehensive and integrated account of academic and research writing, encompassing its conceptual foundations, importance, defining characteristics, fundamental rules, structural organization, literature review practices, ethical considerations, plagiarism prevention, publication processes, technological influences, pedagogical approaches, global perspectives, interdisciplinary applications, scholarly impact, and emerging trends. The objective is to equip students, researchers, and academicians with a coherent framework for producing credible, original, and impactful scholarly work.
Academic writing; Research writing; Scholarly communication; Research ethics; Literature review; Plagiarism prevention.
An Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Literacy Differentials and Gender Imbalance in Chitrakoot District, Uttar Pradesh, India
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Literacy and sex ratio are the ideal reference to socio-economic development and gender equity. The question under scrutiny in this research is; Which are the spatio-temporal relations of the differentials of literacy and gender imbalance in Chitrakoot District, Uttar Pradesh using block-level census data in 2001 and 2011. Among the research agenda was systematic evaluation of the general literacy trends, the disparity in male and female literacy, block-sex-ratio trends and how literacy and sex ratio are correlated. Decadal change analysis and gender-gap scrutiny of the secondary data based on the District Census Handbooks were analyzed with the help of GTS-based thematic mapping. The rank correlation coefficient of Spearman was used to examine the relationship between literacy and sex-ratio. The results reveal significant inequalities in the patterns of literacy and sex-ratio, and not evenly spread out administrative blocks. Although the female literacy levels increased, and the gender differences did too, the correlation between literacy and the sex ratio remained insignificant which explains why the specific, block-oriented measures should be taken to ensure the promotion of inclusive and gender-balanced development.
Spatio-temporal analysis, Literacy Differentials, Gender imbalance, Decadal Growth Rate, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.
Issues of Dance Training in Nigeria: A Comparative Study of The Performing Arts Department, Unilorin, and Crown Troupe of Africa
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Dance training in Nigeria reflects diverse philosophies shaped by institutional frameworks and cultural practices. This comparative study examines the Performing Arts Department of the University of Ilorin (Unilorin) and the Crown Troupe of Africa, two prominent centers of dance education and performance. While Unilorin adopts a structured academic model encapsulated in the code of TPR—Theory, Practice, and Research, Crown Troupe of Africa emphasizes a community-driven approach defined by TTT—Talent, Time, and Target. Through qualitative analysis of training methods, curricula, and performance outcomes, the study highlights the strengths and challenges inherent in both systems. The TPR model fosters intellectual rigor, technical mastery, and scholarly inquiry, positioning dance as both an art and an academic discipline. Conversely, the TTT framework prioritizes creativity, experiential learning, and goal-oriented practice, nurturing performers who are deeply connected to cultural identity and social engagement. Findings reveal that while TPR ensures professionalization and sustainability within formal education, TTT cultivates adaptability, innovation, and grassroots relevance. The paper argues that integrating elements of both codes could enrich dance pedagogy in Nigeria, bridging the gap between academic scholarship and community artistry. Ultimately, this comparative study underscores the need for hybrid models that balance theory with creativity, research with cultural expression, and institutional training with community practice, thereby advancing the future of dance education and performance in Nigeria.
Dance training in Nigeria, Performing Arts education, TPR, TTT, Comparative pedagogy.
Effect of Cooperative Learning and Peer Teaching Strategies on Senior Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement of Geometrical Concepts in Mathematics
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The study investigated the effect of the cooperative learning and the peer teaching strategies on students’ academic achievement of geometrical concepts in Mathematics in senior secondary schools in Delta State of Nigeria. Three research questions were raised to guide the study and three null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The pretest posttest control quasi experimental research design was employed in this study. The population of the study was two thousand nine hundred and fifty-four (2 954) SS I students in Oshimilli North Local Government Area of Delta State. The sample consisted of 289 SS1 students which is a 10% representation of the population. They were selected using the multi-stage sampling technique. Three (3) public and three (3) private schools were selected and their intact classes used. The control group was made up of two intact classes of 105 students. The experimental group 1 (cooperative learning strategy) had 91 students in two intact classes while experimental group 2 (peer teaching strategy) had 93 students in two intact classes. The instrument used for data collection was a Geometry Achievement Test (GAT). The reliability of GAT was established using Kudder-Richardson formula 20 which yielded a coefficient of internal consistency of 0.79. Data were collected by administering the GAT as the pretest and the posttest. The data obtained were analyzed using mean. Standard deviation and Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results of the study revealed a significant effect of treatment on students’ academic achievement of geometrical concepts in Mathematics. Students in the peer teaching strategy group performed significantly better than those in the cooperative learning strategy group in terms of academic achievement. In addition, in terms of school ownership, students in both private and public schools in the peer teaching strategy group performed significantly better academically than those in the cooperative learning strategy group and the control group respectively. Moreover, there was no significant interaction effect of strategy, school ownership and gender on the academic achievement of students in geometrical concepts in Mathematics. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the peer teaching and the cooperative learning strategies leads to better academic achievement of geometrical concepts in Mathematics for students. Therefore, it is recommended among others, that teachers of Mathematics in senior secondary schools should adopt the cooperative learning and peer teaching strategies in the teaching of Mathematics to enhance students’ academic achievement in geometrical concepts specifically, and in Mathematics generally.
Academic achievement, Cooperative learning and Peer teaching strategies.
Financial Rewards as correlate Job Satisfaction of Business Educators in Colleges of Education in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The study examined financial and rewards as correlates of business educators’ job satisfaction in colleges of education in Edo and Delta States. To guide this study, three research questions were raised while three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The correlational research design was employed in the study. The population was made up of 121 business educators in colleges of education in Edo and Delta States. The entire population of 121 was used for the study. The research instrument that was used to collect data for this study was a questionnaire titled “Financial Rewards Assessment Questionnaire” (FRAQ), it has two sections. Section A consists of personal data of business educators such as sex, working experience and marital status, while section B consists of 21 items divided into 3 clusters to measure financial rewards on job satisfaction. The research instruments were face and content validated by three experts. Cronbach Alpha statistics was used to ascertain the internal consistency of the instrument and a reliability coefficient of 0.79 was obtained. For data collection, the questionnaire was administered by the researcher with the help of five research assistants. Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that financial rewards significantly influence job satisfaction of Business Educators in Colleges of Education in Edo and Delta States. The researcher recommended that government and college management should ensure that variables such as salary, medical benefits and retirement benefits be adequately provided in colleges of education.
Financial rewards, job satisfaction, business educators, colleges of education.
Migration From Nigeria: Exaggerated Ideas Versus Harsh Realities
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The commercialisation of social media views and clicks has generated a new breed of armchair journalists, content creators and internet advisers on any topic of interest. These people target issues of interest and claim expertise in them. While many of their claims are unverified and unverifiable, some are commonsensical and verifiable. But time and experience play special roles in the value of the information or disinformation. The recent wave of youth unemployment and the drive to ‘survive at all costs’ occasioned by the economic difficulty in Nigeria, has blindfolded some youths into believing that anywhere outside Nigeria is a greener pasture. This desperation therefore makes them pay attention to positive information about travelling without balancing the discernment by listening to the woes that could befall a traveller. On the other hand, the desire to generate internet traffic and clicks has deterred some bloggers and content creators from publishing the truth because they would suffer lack of views or positive ratings. They therefore prepare what the audience warms to. As a result, too, lots of people get involved in migrating with lofty expectations which are soon dashed on the ground, only but too late. This presentation explores some of the roles migration internet advisers, registered agents and foreign enterprises play in misleading young Nigerians. Correspondence and Coherence theories of Truth were adopted as framework, while focus group discussion design was used. The scope of the study lies within the migration experiences that result to ‘woes and wonders’ to the Nigerian populace as well as the roles and responsibilities of the concerned order in the industry. It also recommends a positive way forward, which includes balanced provision of information from both sides, appeal to family and significant others to investigate and commit to the outcome, and preparation for fallback by the traveller in case of disappointment.
Social media, Migration, Unemployment, Nigerian youths, Truth.
An Assessment of the Impact of Insurance Investment on Nigeria’s Economic Growth
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This paper is titled “An Assessment of the Impact of Insurance Investment on Nigeria’s Economic Growth". Assessing the impact of insurance investment on Nigeria's economic growth is crucial because insurance mobilizes significant long-term capital (premiums) for productive investments, facilitates risk management for businesses, promotes financial stability, and contributes to GDP, with studies showing a positive link, though its full potential is hampered by low penetration and regulatory gaps, necessitating policy focus on deepening insurance uptake for sustained growth. It Investigates the impact of insurance sector development and the Nigerian economy from 1990 to 2022. The study employed time series data sourced from CBN statistical bulletin and using ARDL model to analyze the data. The empirical results indicate that insurance investment does have a significant impact on the overall growth and development of the Nigerian economy, also insurance premium does have a significant impact on the overall growth and development of the Nigerian economy, and total insurance transaction does have a significant impact on the overall growth and development of the Nigerian economy. Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made: Policymakers should encourage inclusive insurance practices through regulatory measures promoting accessibility and affordability for a broader Nigerian population, fostering competition, innovation, and consumer protection. Policymakers and regulators must carefully balance premium regulation to ensure profitability for insurance companies and affordability for consumers, preventing excessive premiums that could hinder economic growth. Regular collaboration among policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers is crucial for continuous monitoring and research of the insurance sector's performance and economic impact, facilitating evidence based decision-making.
Gross Domestic Product, Total Premiums, Total Insurance Investment, Total Transaction.
The Ego and the Shadow: A Psychoanalytic Study of Frodo Baggins in J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Fellowship of the Ring
This research paper explores The Fellowship of the Ring from a psychological point of view. It focuses on Frodo Baggins and the psychological weight he bears from the beginning of the novel. Though absent in body Gollum emerges through Gandalf’s words. Gollum is less a person and more of a reflection shaped by past decay. Taken from the concept of Freud of repression and unconscious desire along with Jung’s idea of the shadow. All these are tied to the One Ring, which is interpreted as an unconscious threat that disrupts the identity and morality of Frodo. The moment the Ring is placed in Frodo’s hand, it brings unrest and fear even before he can fully understand the danger he carries. Smeagol’s transformation from a normal Hobbit to Gollum through the corruption of the Ring shows Frodo to the possibility of psychological collapse caused by being exposed to power and desire for a long time. This knowledge shapes Frodo’s unconscious fear of becoming a corrupted creature like Gollum. This makes Gollum a symbolic mirror rather than a physical companion. Focusing only on the events and the words found in The Fellowship of the Ring, this study shows Tolkien’s exploration of trauma, repression and inner conflict revealing that Frodo’s true journey begins within the mind long before it takes physical form.
The Fellowship of the Ring, Frodo Baggins, Psychoanalysis, Unconscious desires, Psychological desires, Shadow self
Copyright (c) 2026 Judah Smith J. M, Dr. D. J. B. Esther Rajathi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AI Powered Performance Monitoring Device: Design, Functionality, and Applications
The combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and wearable technology has transformed the realms of physical education, sports science, and the assessment of human performance. This research paper offers a thorough examination of an innovative AI-Powered Performance Monitoring Device, detailing its design, mechanical configuration, user interface, and practical uses. The device is designed to collect physiological and kinematic data, analyze it using intelligent algorithms, and deliver real-time feedback to enhance performance, monitor health, and optimize training. The paper describes the device’s various perspectives based on the registered design, assesses its functional elements, and explores its applications in physical education, athletics, rehabilitation, and research. The study concludes that AI-driven wearable performance systems are essential for contemporary evidence-based training and have significant implications across both educational and professional contexts.
Artificial Intelligence, Wearable Technology, Performance Monitoring, Physical Education, Sports Science.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shraddha Shree Yadav, Dr. Jitendra Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Narrative Techniques of Disruption and Defragmentation in Toni Morrison’s Novels
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">This study on Toni Morrison’s fiction analysed the role played by the narrative technique of disruption in the transmission of message. It primarily focused on Beloved, Song of Solomon, Sula and Love which are largely representative with regard to the use of the technique of disruption. The analysis aimed at exploring the role that the narrative technique of disruption plays in the representation of the societal malaise rooted in racial marginalisation and cultural degeneration. Additionally, the paper examined Morrison’ use of defragmentation as a narrative technique and the interspersion of the past and the present tenses in her narratives to understand profoundly the mechanism of the process of defragmentation with regard to the choice and construction of themes in her novels. Essentially, the analysis was guided by the Theory of Abjection propounded by Julia Kristeva (1981), Vladimir Propp’s narratological functions (1968), and Freud’s concept of “The Uncanny” (1953). The reading targeted principally the writer’s selected novels and the related critical essays and articles. As a result, it has been found that the narrative technique of disruption significantly frames the conveyed message. First, it enables the writer to represent successfully the African American nightmare through a disjointed narration that translates the disintegration of the American society. Second, this technique has facilitated the writer to expose the decaying American society due to racial marginalization and subsequent social inequalities. Finally, Morrison deploys the narrative technique of defragmentation in her fiction to mend the shattered identities and reconcile the fragmented selves
narrative technique, defragmentation, disruption, racial marginalisation, slavery, interspersion of past and present
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Leon Bashirahishize, Prof. Spes Nibafasha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Senior Secondary School Teachers and Students’ Perceptions on The Teaching and Learning of English Language Grammar in Ogun State, Nigeria
Grammar forms a central component of language mastery, yet research has not sufficiently addressed how teachers and students’ perceive grammar teaching, particularly within the Nigerian educational context. This study investigated the perceptions of English Language teachers and students regarding the teaching and learning of grammar in senior secondary schools. The study population comprised 136 students and 24 teachers selected from four senior secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire titled Perception of Grammar Teaching in Secondary Schools (PGTSS) and analysed using simple percentages and chi-square statistics. Findings revealed significant differences between teachers’ and students’ perceptions of grammar instruction, despite their shared cultural and educational backgrounds. These perceptual variations were influenced by factors such as previous language-learning experiences, levels of linguistic proficiency, academic needs, and career aspirations. The study highlights critical pedagogical implications for English as Second Language (ESL) learning, emphasis the need for learner-centred strategies that bridge perceptual gaps between teachers and students to improve the effectiveness of grammar teaching and learning.
teachers, students, perception, grammar, English Language teaching, ESL
Copyright (c) 2026 Falilat Titilola Adenuga, Abdulahi Olawale Yisa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing the Sustainable Viability by Financial Metrics: based on Evaluation of Cooperative Society Performance on the basis of Pearls
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">In India, the cooperative organizations have been very important for the advancing economic development, Financial Inclusion, as well as for the empowerment of the community. However, the cooperatives' financial performance, governance frameworks, as well as the capacity to adjust to the changing markets and the economic condition are critical for their long-term viability. Using the PEARLS as a base this study examines the relationship between the cooperative societies' sustainability in the long term as well as their financial success for their survival. The study has used a mixed-method approach and have gathered primary data from the 149 cooperative organizations in the credit, as well as the agricultural sectors of the economy. This study has used Regression analysis, correlation, to assess the relationship between sustainability indicators and the financial stability, growth, as well as the expansion. The findings of our study indicated the strong and the positive relationship between the overall sustainability and financial success as determined by the PEARLS framework. Cooperatives who have the strong asset quality, good and ample liquidity, and high growth metrics are often seen as the more economically viable, the more socially significant, and the more sustainable as well as viable. The results of this study have proved that how crucial it is to establish very strict financial management procedures and also put in place the monitoring systems that is efficient and encourage the involvement of members. These findings may help the cooperative managers as well as the policymakers, to improve the long-term viability, effectiveness of the operations, as well as the governance.
Cooperative Societies, PEARLS Framework, Financial Stability, Growth, Expansion, Sustainability, Financial Performance.