Integral Research (ISSN:3048-5991) (CODEN:IRABCA) serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse disciplines to come together and explore the intersections between their respective fields. From the natural sciences to the social sciences, from humanities to technology, we aim to foster dialogue and exchange of ideas that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. Our journal encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Sustainability and environmental studies Health and well-being Socio-economic development Cultural studies and diversity Technology and innovation Education and pedagogy Philosophy and ethics Arts and literature Integral Research seeks to publish high-quality original research, reviews, and theoretical perspectives that contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues facing our world today. By bringing together insights from multiple disciplines, we strive to provide innovative approaches and novel solutions to the pressing challenges of our time. We invite researchers and scholars from all backgrounds to join us on this intellectual journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us embark on a quest to integrate knowledge, transcend disciplinary boundaries, and advance the frontiers of human understanding. Journal indexing in some prominent directories and databases. GEORGIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EuroPub Directory of Academic And Scientific Journals SJIF SPI-Hub IPIndexing KindCongress Cosmos ResearchBib RJIF ROOTINDEXING Crossref
(SAFE), Society For Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) Address: 53, Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly 243112 (UP) India Email: safeindiaweb@gmail.com Website:https://safeindia.org.in/index.php/integral-research/
Body, Memory, and Moral Disintegration in David Szalay’s Flesh
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chinyere Oko-Jaja’s Before and After “I Do”
Chinyere Oko-Jaja’s Before and After “I Do”, ASIN: ‎ B0B52XB1BN, Publication date: ‎ June 24, 2022, Pages: 219, Kindle Edition
Female Labour Force Participation Rate and Its Determinants in Post-Liberalization India
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The under participation of women in the labour force in the post-liberalisation period constitutes some of the most puzzling and debated paradoxes in development economics of India. Although India’s economic growth, increasing education levels among women and declining fertility rate are strong indicators, there has been a steady and significant reduction in the participation of women in the labour market since the 1990s. In this paper the trends in FLFPR in the rural and urban sectors have been studied against the background of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data between 1993-94 and the current period. It identifies and discusses factors that play crucial roles in shaping FLFPR such as education, household income, fertility, social norms, urbanisation and policy interventions by the government. Using a review-based framework of analysis with two theoretical concepts of the Goldin U-shaped curve and the income effect theorem, it concludes that explanation of the drop in FLFPR should not be limited to one phenomena but should be based on many factors, acting together. Policy recommendations for turning the tide and encouraging inclusive economic growth based on an increased women's participation in the Indian labour force industry are included at the end of the paper<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
Female Labour Force Participation Rate, post-liberalisation India, NSSO, PLFS, gender and labour economics, U-shaped hypothesis, women's empowerment.
Thin Film Photovoltaics: Toward High Efficiency and Low-Cost Solar Cells
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The potential of thin film photovoltaics as a game changing technology in the quest for sustainable and affordable solar energy has become evident. Recent developments in low-cost and high efficiency thin film materials including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and perovskites for high power conversion efficiency is also investigated. The study explores new innovations related to deposition technique, interface engineering and tandem cell architectures to improve the absorption of light, carrier mobility and device stability. The focus is given to scalability of manufacturing processes and environmentally friendly and sustainable material substitutions to address environmental and resource issues. Comparative performance analysis shows upgrades to the conventional silicon-based solar cells, especially in terms of flexibility and cost. The results further highlight the need for ongoing material optimization and manufacturing integration for thin film photovoltaics to become a major enabler for the global energy transition and scale up of next generation PV technologies.
Thin Film Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Efficiency, Cost-Effective Solar Energy, Semiconductor Materials, Device Architecture Optimization, Sustainable Energy Technology.
Contribution And Importance of Legal Education in Women Empowerment and Transforming Indian Society
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Legal education plays vital role in the cause of empowerment of women yet women were deprived of it and continue to lack it; it imparts the knowledge and tools to elevate women's rights, and ensures gender equality. Legal education ought to be a part of the lives of women, in order to build confidence, social mobility and a sense of justice in them. Women have historically been left as marginalised groups, facing large social, cultural and economic barriers, not having access to resources and opportunities. These chains can be broken by using the legal education and disseminating information on the legal rights and obligations of women. Women are still discriminated in such matters as inheritance, property rights, marriage and divorce. Legal education provides knowledge and tools to resist injustice – the possibilities to empower women to resist oppression by speaking for themselves and their communities. The importance of legal education in promoting the awareness of women rights, financial independence for women and to reach out the elimination of gender based violence. Those who have legal expertise are more likely to know how to counteract discriminatory practices and to request assistance in cases, e.g., of domestic violence. Legal education also contributes to economic independence: women are empowered with knowledge about employment contracts, wage equality, inheritance laws and entrepreneurship. This gives women the authority to ask for fair pay and access to development and resources and helps them to grow and improve their economies. Legal education also provides an impactful contribution in reducing gender-based violence. Fear, lack of knowledge about justice systems, or lack of knowledge about the law stop many women from leaving abusive relationships. Legal education enables the spotting of abuse and mechanisms for getting rid of it. To minimize violence against women, a legal framework which recognizes the experiences of women and offers protection is needed. Legal education is also raising awareness on prevention, with a culture of respect, consent and equality<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Education also helps to promote political participation, supporting women's participation in politics, and advancements in the law. By understanding the legal aspects of a constitution, civil rights, and governance, women will be able to promote the movement to change policies that directly affect the community that they live in. Whenever they involve themselves in politics, they can make positive changes in the world and help break down the patriarchal structure – of society. In addition to learning the law, another aspect of legal education is to develop confidence and self-advocacy. Women who know their rights are more likely to take their own decisions and make their own choices—and assert their rights in situations of dispute, such as a job, marriage, land, etc., which, in turn, will contribute to their sense of self-worth. When women stand up for themselves in court, they are further perpetuating the narrative that women are entitled to be treated respectfully and have a right to seek justice. Initiatives that provide free legal workshops, online courses, community outreach programs, and legal aid services can significantly bridge the gap. Collaboration with local organizations and governments can ensure that legal literacy reaches the most marginalized women. Educating women about their legal rights and responsibilities has the potential to change entire communities and create a ripple effect of empowerment.
Tourism Industry, Tourism Development, Women Empowerment.
Women's Participation in the Tourism Industry: Challenges and Opportunities in Gorakhpur District
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The tourism industry is important for the economy and culture of a place. It helps create jobs and makes local customs and ways of life stronger. More women are getting involved in tourism as it grows in India. They still do not have a big say and face a lot of problems. Gorakhpur district is a place for tourism. However, women do not play a role in developing the tourism industry there. This research paper wants to look at what women do in the tourism industry in Gorakhpur district. It will study how women help the economy and society what kind of jobs and business opportunities are available to them and what kinds of economic and institutional problems they must deal with. The tourism industry and women in it are very important to this research. Women, in the tourism industry face challenges and the research paper will try to understand these challenges<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
Determinants of the Impact of Strategic Managers Skills on Large Scale Business's Performance: A Study of Best Aluminum Manufacturing Company Ltd Onitsha, Anambra state
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This paper determined the impact of strategic managers skills on organizational performance: A study of Best Aluminum Manufacturing Company Ltd Onitsha, Anambra state. Strategic managers are managers that occupy the apex leadership positions of both medium and large-scale businesses in the world of business. They are the policy making bodies of corporate organizations. They manage complexities in a business; ensure fund acquisition, allocation and investment decision. In large scale businesses, they determine dividends that should be paid to shareholders. One research question and one hypothesis guided this study. Descriptive research survey design was employed in this study. Instrument for data collection was a researcher developed instrument titled “Determinants of the impact of strategic managers skills on organizational performance: A study of Best Aluminum Manufacturing Company Ltd Onitsha, Anambra state” with four rating scales of strongly agree, agree and strongly disagree. The process for validation of the instrument was carried out by two specialists in the department of Business Education and Business Administration departments of Madonna University, Okija Campus, Anambra state. Conbach alpha statistics was used to determine the reliability coefficient of the instrument at 0.78 and 0.80, which showed that the instrument was reliable to be used in this study. A total of 106 questionnaires were administered to respondents, and a total of 106 questionnaires were returned and used in the analysis of the study. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data collected; Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to test the hypothesis. The findings from the study revealed that strategic managers are outstandingly waging wars against failures of most corporate businesses in competitive business environments. It was recommended in this study that business organizations should employ the services of strategic managers in their businesses. This would prevent their businesses from crunching into sudden failures due to non-existing standard services of strategic managers in their businesses<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
History of Business, Manors and Stewards in ancient Businesses, Modern Businesses in the World, Strategic Managers.
English in the Nepalese Education System: Socio-Cultural Perspectives
Knowledge of the English language was and empirically speaking, is still considered a mark of social status and it represents power and class. A blend of upper class ideology and elitist values forms the basic structure of the English language teaching in Nepal. Indeed English has never left the domain of Education. The Nepalese learners went to learn English outside the country. They also got opportunities to learn inside the country since the early 1940s. English has always enjoyed a place of importance and those who were conversant in the language, were regarded as being educated. In fact, the functions of the English language and the state ideologies have been like hands in glove , to identify the way language education and culture are related subjects. We have to explore and also critically examine the fact that the teaching of literature has occupied the position of centrality in the English language education. This research study has been based on document analysis and is supported by classroom observations and an interview. It seems that a woman does not have soul. She becomes cold to the patriarchal network of injustice. Even though she does not want to give birth, she gives birth to her child. But she resists the maternity by not caring her children. All kinds of act of women are for the resistance of the male dominated society and culture. Its findings have been distributed at different sections of the study. Therefore, this study blends history, social reality and vision of English language teaching in Nepal.
Education, Women, Change, Society, Behavior
Copyright (c) 2026 Prakash Qattari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Ecocritical Understanding in the Selected Stories of Ruskin Bond
Ecocriticism tends to investigate the relationship between literature and the environment. All living organisms, like plants, animals, and humans, are directly or indirectly dependent on nature for their growth and survival. Over the years, numerous works have addressed environmental sustainability. However, with the rise of ecocriticism, there has been a paradigm shift in the way readers and scholars interpret texts. Ecocriticism is the area of literary criticism that explores ecological issues in literary and cultural studies. In this regard, the works of contemporary author Ruskin Bond are especially noteworthy; he is a sincere lover of the natural world. Nature is a major theme in the majority of his works. The present paper will examine Ruskin Bond’s two stories, “Death of the Trees” and “The Leopard” from an ecocritical perspective.
Ecocritical study, destruction, ecosystem, environmental sustainability, ecology
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ram Prakash Gupt, Nasmeen Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial Narratives in Motion: How Set Design Shapes the Interpretation of Choreography in Segun Adefila’s Mi o Ni Choice
Space is never neutral in performance; it acts as a living agent that shapes meaning, identity, and agency. This study explores the dynamic relationship between set design and choreography in Segun Adefila’s Mi o Ni Choice, positioning the work within African contemporary dance and global performance scholarship. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space, the research argues that scenography functions as a narrative partner rather than a passive backdrop, actively framing choreography as a negotiation of freedom, constraint, and cultural identity. Through detailed analysis of architectural structures, props, spatial orientation, and collective movement, the study reveals how dancers embody and resist spatial conditions, transforming the stage into a metaphorical space of socio-political negotiation. Audience interpretation emerges through autopoietic feedback loops, where space, body, and spectators co-create meaning that resonates with communal memory and lived realities. By embedding cultural specificity into spatial dramaturgy, Adefila’s work challenges Eurocentric paradigms and demonstrates how African choreographers innovate within their own aesthetic traditions while contributing to global discourses. Ultimately, this paper affirms that set design in Mi o Ni Choice is central to meaning-making, enriching performance studies with vital insights into how space operates as both a cultural repository and a form of political commentary.
Spatial Narratives, Mi o Ni Choice, Set Design, Choreography, African Contemporary Dance, Cultural Memory, Scenography, Segun Adefila
Copyright (c) 2026 Olúsànyà David Aye̩ni, Solomon Ayoola Popoola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Social Innovation in Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods Among Marginalized Communities in sub-Saharan Africa: A Review
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This review takes a closer look at how social innovation can help create sustainable livelihoods for marginalized communities in sub-Saharan Africa. It brings together existing research to delve into how fresh approaches like new organizational structures, practices, and solutions tackle the tough challenges that these communities face in achieving livelihood sustainability. The review highlights important areas where social innovation has made a real difference, such as improving access to resources, developing skills, creating market connections, and building resilience. Additionally, it examines the factors that enable or hinder the success and growth of social innovations in this setting. Ultimately, this review seeks to offer a thorough understanding of how social innovation plays a role in fostering more resilient and sustainable livelihoods for marginalized groups in sub-Saharan Africa, while also pointing out possible directions for future research and interventions<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
Social Innovation, Sustainable Livelihoods, Marginalized Communities, Sub-Saharan Africa, Resilient
Copyright (c) 2026 Halidu Imurana, Prof. Anoop Kumar Bhartiya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Indigenous Crafts and Costume Design: An Exploration of Raffia Products of Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State
Costume design is one of the most essential components in any artistic performances, but it is sad to observe that many costume design products used in Nigeria rely on are foreign products for end products that can be achieved with indigenous crafts from locally sourced raw materials. The importance of locally sourced products in the indigenous crafts is at the very foundation of the reason why the dependence of foreign costume design for artistic performances should be discouraged in order to pave way for the utilization of local crafts in designing costumes for theatrical performances. This paper is positioned to establish and emphasize the uniqueness of local raw materials that can be tapped and processed through indigenous craft processes for use as alternative to exotic costume design with focus on Raffia products of Ikot Ekpene in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. However, this paper has situated a distinction of traditional crafts-production methods that will allow for the identification of handmade or traditional/indigenous craft-products that are capable of replacing the foreign products in the area of costume design. The paper debunked the perception that indigenous crafts are for mere decoration and figments of fantasy and established their utilization, as costumes designed for artistic performances. Finally, the study recommends for indigenous crafts with local raw materials, especially the Raffia products of Ikot Ekpene in Akwa Ibom State, in order to facilitate costume design products for artistic performances.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dora Nnanake Ekeke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ethics in Research: Principles, Practices, and Contemporary Challenges
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">This paper explores the ethical aspects of research that maintain integrity, accountability and social responsibility in research. It poses significant research problems: Why is it important to have research ethics in modern research? The study concludes that ethical principles can protect the participants, improve the credibility of the findings, and allow the public to trust the scientific and academic research. What are the philosophies and ethics to guide responsible research? The analysis identifies the approaches of Kantianism, Utilitarianism, Principalism and Deontology as basic approaches which influence ethical decision making and responsible actions. Should ethics be reflected in the research process in general? The paper shows that ethical issues must be considered throughout the research process, from problem formulation, research design, data collection, analysis, interpretation to dissemination. What are some of the big ethical issues of the day for researchers? The results indicate issues with informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, research integrity, plagiarism, recognition issues, conflict of interest and the rise of digital technologies and artificial intelligence. What are good ways to conduct research ethically and trustworthily? The study emphasizes transparency, honesty, informed consent, protection of vulnerable participants, accurate reporting, appropriate attribution and institutional oversight as vital practices. The paper concludes that ethical research is more than a regulatory "must," but the key component in better knowledge production, better protection of position of stakeholders, and better social value and reliability of knowledge products.
Research Ethics; Research Integrity; Informed Consent; Research Misconduct; Ethical Research Practices.
12 Years: My Messed up Love Story, A Romantic Novel by Chetan Bhagat
12 Years: My Messed up Love Story, A Romantic Novel by Chetan Bhagat, published by HarperCollins India, 2025.
Media Convergence and Gender, Class and Disability Inequalities in Nigeria
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Communication across the world has evolved with the help of technology and has created several avenues to voice out our needs, opinions, transfer knowledge and information globally. Recently, digitalization has brought about media convergence which is the merging of different forms of mass media. This research paper seeks to examine the relationship between media convergence and gender, class and disability inequalities in Nigeria. Specifically, the study analyses the impact of media convergence on the representation of gender, class and disabilities in Nigeria; the effect of media convergence on public discourse about inequality, the study equally explores the ways the marginalized groups use the benefit of media convergence to reduce inequalities in Nigeria. The study looks at Technological Determinism and Agenda Setting theory of the media. The study adopts the in-depth-Interview research method and nine participants were interviewed. After data collation and analysis, the researchers finds out that; the respondents to some extent understand the meaning of media convergence, they equally use the potential of digital media tools to promote their public image and they face challenges such as; limited technological access, exclusion of low-income populations due to class-based constraints, and inadequate opportunities for persons with disabilities. The study concludes that media convergence can be used to increase public awareness, foster equitable society and create sustainable environment in which gender, class and disability inequalities can be tacked constructively. The study therefore recommends that all stakeholders should utilize various media platforms to represent their voice and public image and the government should help the marginalized group by providing the new technological gadgets for them and organizing training on how to utilize the benefits of media convergence.
Media convergence, Gender, Class, Disability and Nigeria.
Excerpts of Adulations for Womanhood in Robert Ebizimor’s Songs: A Cultural Feminist Perspective
Songs by Robert Ebizimor, an Izọn indigenous popular poet, is believed to be inclined towards addressing issues of women’s suppression and devaluation in society. However, his songs have since remained unexplored by scholars through this particular perspective. This paper focuses on investigating the treatment of women in selected songs by the singer. Through the qualitative analytical method, the paper carefully looks at images and ideas built around women, and seeks to explain how the images help the women course. Anchored on the theory of feminism, with specific reliance on the cultural feminist mode, the paper reveals that the songs are dominated by a strong feeling of opposition to the devaluation and denigration of women, noticed in the positive imaging, exaltation and a strong preference for the life, nature and role of the female sex over the male. It argues that this is based on a thoughtful re-examination of well-known potentials women are endowed with, dismissing premeditated and bias assumptions of patriarchy. The paper, therefore, demonstrates, conclusively, that the songs embody efforts aimed at the revaluation of women towards valuing and commanding respect for the agency of the totality of womanhood.
songs, Robert Ebizimor, Izọn, popular poet, women, images, patriarchy, feminism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebiketonmor Opomu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An African Interpretation of Μεταδιδωμι Within the Context of The Post-Resurrection Experiences of Peter in the Acts of The Apostles
Simon Peter’s apostolic calling and placement as the head of the Twelve, which showcases his pre-eminent authority and power after the resurrection of Jesus Christ, are central in the Acts of the Apostles. These post-resurrection experiences of Peter are referred to as a product of μεταδιδωμι (mentoring) of a pre-determined successor. Likewise, Simon Peter’s succeeding his rabbi and leader, Jesus Christ, and becoming his vice-regent after the resurrection, are not alien to the Yorùbá. Such a successor, from Yorùbá perspectives, is usually referred to as either 'Àrè̩mo̩' (the first son of a king), 'Àrólé' (A pillar of the home, the only son), or 'Olórí e̩bí' (head of the family), or 'Ààyòo̩mo̩' (an outstanding child), or 'ojú Ò̩gá' (the favourite of the Master) in Yorùbá land of Nigeria. Previous studies on Simon Peter focused largely on events surrounding his call and the type of leadership he provided with little attention paid to the full manifestation of his apostolic calling and leadership excellence after the resurrection and their interpretations in the African context, especially from the perspectives of the Yorùbá in Nigeria. The paper, therefore, examines the Post-resurrection experiences of Simon Peter in the Acts of the Apostles from the context of Yorùbá in Nigeria. This is to investigate μεταδιδωμι in the Jesus-Peter relationship and its interpretation in the cultural milieu of the Yorùbá in Nigeria. Abogunrin’s Decolonisation of Biblical Interpretation is adopted. The paper reveals that the post-resurrection experiences of Peter in the Acts of the Apostles are pre-determined, processed and executed and that there exists a correlation between the Jewish culture and that of the Yorùbá, particularly in the cultural understanding of μεταδιδωμι.
Post-resurrection experiences, Simon Peter in the Acts of the Apostles, Jesus-Peter relationship, Μεταδιδωμι, Successor in Yorùbá Perspectives
Copyright (c) 2026 Dayo Joseph Makanjuola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nexus among GDP per capita with income inequality, wealth inequality, human development index and unemployment rate in India in ARDL model
The relation between India's GDP per capita,income inequality,wealth inequality,human development index and unemployment rate during 1990-2025 was analyzed through ARDL model and asymmetry impacts on the GDP per capita from those determinants were econometrically examined by NARDL model.The empirical observations showed that GDP per capita is positively related with income inequality and human development index or inversely related with wealth inequality and unemployment rate in which cointegrating relation is convergent and significant.ARDL estimate implies that GDP per capita is positively related with income inequality of current period,inversely related with wealth inequality,human development index and unemployment rate in previous periods.The model is stable without serial correlation and heteroscedasticity problems.Asymmetry impacts from income inequality,human development and unemployment rate were visible while symmetry impacts from wealth inequality was seen in NARDL model during 1990-2025.
GDP per capita, income inequality, wealth inequality, human development index, unemployment rate, asymmetry, cumulative dynamic multiplier, positive changes, negative changes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Debesh Bhowmik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Ecosystem of the Western Ghats: A Study in the Context of India's Environmental and National Security
<span style="color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The Western Ghats mountain range, aligned parallel to India's western coast, is one of the richest regions in the world. This region is not only a significant reservoir of natural resources but is also crucial for the balance of water, life, climate, biodiversity, and ecological stability. Currently, due to increasing human activities, industrialization, mining, deforestation, urbanization, climate change, and other factors, the ecosystem of the Western Ghats has become endangered.
Ecosystem, India's Environmental and National Security, Ecological Balance, Deforestation, Hydroelectric Projects and Dams.
This poem talks about the paradoxical nature of October, a time of transition in the year where summer is yielding place to winter. Then it further connects its characteristics of human nature, which is a mix of contradictory emotions at one time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ritu Devi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Modern Social Change and the Mindset of Highly Educated Women: A Sociological Study of Buxar District, Bihar
The present research paper presents a sociological analysis of the mindset of highly educated women (postgraduates, professional degree holders, and Ph.D. scholars) in the selected blocks of Buxar district, Bihar, namely Buxar, Chausa, and Rajpur. The study examines their mental and psychological condition in the context of modern social transformation, including the expansion of education, media freedom, growing awareness of gender equality, and the persistence of traditional patriarchal norms. Based on a mixed-method approach involving surveys and semi-structured interviews, the study includes 200 highly educated women. The findings reveal that despite outward empowerment, most women internally experience “marginal consciousness” and “dialectical tension.” Family expectations, career balance, security-related concerns, and lack of social capital significantly affect their mental health and self-perception.
Modernization, Highly Educated Women, Mindset, Social Change, Buxar District, Patriarchy, Mental Health.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Inflation Targeting in India: A Decadal Study
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Rising prices have been prime focus of money management since 2016 in India. Central bank's target: keep consumer inflation close to 4 percent +/- 2 points. Initial numbers were good - quiet markets, stable numbers. But then there was 2020 and the year shook things up – pandemic waves, broken supply chains, and oil cost fluctuations. As it all happened, doubts arose as to whether the system could live up to the expectations. In this study, the success of this price goal is examined from 2016 to 2025. Sources of information include official records, previous reports and published information - not new surveys. The first was to establish confidence, the second to withstand storms beyond borders and the third to uncover deep-rooted flaws. Rain-fed farms don't have a one size fits all formula, factories are not scaled up and wages are insufficient. Rules are important - but also the realities, such as the informal sector, the weight of the food in baskets, and unexpected crop failures. The model had logic. Life outside models? Less predictable. Surprisingly, setting clear inflation goals seems to have boosted trust in central bank actions while taming wild price swings. Still, rising food costs keep causing trouble, on top of delayed effects across markets and repeated disruptions from production issues. Oddly enough, one way forward might be adjusting policies to better fit local economic realities instead of sticking strictly to standard models.
Inflation Targeting, Monetary Policy, RBI, Monetary Policy Committee, India, Post-Pandemic Economy.
A Review of Daniel Ndukwu's Understanding Prayer Without Error
Understanding Prayer Without Error is the first published book of Reverend Daniel Ndukwu - a young, dedicated and focused servant of God in the Diocese of Niger Delta of the Anglican Communion. The book reveals the author as a man with a divine capacity to impact a generation in dire need, as well as a passionate believer in the transforming power of prayer and on the assertion that what bullets are in the hands of a soldier prayer is in the hands of a believer. This also calls to mind the discerning aphorism credited to John Stephen Pipper - an American Reformed Baptist Pastor and Chancellor of Bethlehem College and Seminary who stated that "Until you know that life is war, you cannot know what prayer is for."
Copyright (c) 2026 Onyeka Ike (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Beyond Representation: Ambedkar on Caste and the Question of Social Transformation
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This research paper aims to revisit B. R. Ambedkar's socio-political philosophy by exploring the interplay between caste and contemporary social transformation. It argues that Ambedkar's critique of democracy is incomplete if representation is seen as the end rather than a means to dismantle the caste system. This study addresses three major issues. First, it critically analyses how caste remains a structuring force in democratic life and impacts access to voices, recognition, and institutional power. Second, it demonstrates that representational limits can be traced in identity politics; symbolic inclusion is realized, but it does not result in the emancipation of the marginalized groups. Third, it establishes the concept of fraternity as one of the foundations when developing the foundation of freedom and equality in Indian democracy. In this context, fraternity stands out as the most conclusive idea of Indian democracy. This paper argues that Ambedkar does not just offer a theory of representation but also a critical approach towards social change wherein the term fraternity is critical to give democracy a social aspect that would make it morally sound.
Caste, Social Transformation, Identity Politics, Freedom of Speech, Public Sphere, Fraternity, Indian Democracy.
Social Dogmas Embedded in the Standpoint to Hamper Approbation of Feminism in the Human Being as Reflected in Behind the Veil by Rashid Jahan
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Feminism is the concept that lays the foundation of society. Understanding feminism in true sense is the precondition to sustain it and to sustain feminism is the most vital requisite to build a strong society. After understanding feminism, we can observe that it is violated at different levels. What blurs the understanding of feminism is the custom we follow, and the dogmas we accept incontrovertibly. When we don’t analyze and evaluate dogmas and are completely immersed in those, they tend to lead us towards the harm of humanity; not always but most of the times. Feminism is attacked the most brutally by the dogmas which are built to support patriarchy or male dominance. This picture of society engrossed by the dogmas is reflected at many places in literature. Behind the Veil, originally written in Urdu with the title ‘Parde ke Peeche’, by Rashid Jahan is one of the best example of diminished feminism due to the mist of dogmas. It reveals how feminism is brutally tormented, as everybody seems to be completely engrossed by social dogmas. The present paper attempts a discussion on how feminism is hampered at different levels during this powerful One-Act play- Behind the Veil.
Feminism, Patriarchy, dogmas, male dominance, humanity
This poem portrays the struggle of a radiant, truthful force symbolized by the sun, trapped in a suffocating, dark environment. Despite being surrounded by oppressive shadows and forced into isolation, it continues to distribute light with honesty and resilience. The darkness represents hostile forces that appear companionable yet inherently destructive. In such conditions, the poem suggests that persistent resistance—even through painful संघर्ष—is preferable to surrender or self-destruction. The act of colliding with barriers becomes a metaphor for survival and defiance. Though misunderstood by others as self-harm, this struggle preserves fragments of light, hope, and identity for the future, ensuring that existence and purpose are not entirely extinguished.
Paradigmatic Shifts in the Dynamics of Success: Aggressive Marketing Through Digital Culture
This essay examines the emergence of a new ideology shaped by digital culture, where influence, visibility, and success are increasingly driven by aggressive marketing and sensationalism. It argues that excessive emphasis on ritualistic religiosity and superficial narratives has diverted attention from innovation, critical thinking, and human potential, particularly among youth. Digital platforms, while enabling rapid information exchange, have also facilitated the spread of misinformation, propaganda, and emotionally manipulative content, disrupting social harmony and rational discourse. The rise of influencers and controversy-driven engagement reflects a shift from value-based achievement to visibility-based success. The essay further highlights the role of digital technology in enabling surveillance, control, and commercialization, contributing to cyber-crime and ethical decline. It calls for responsible and informed use of technology, emphasizing the need for digital literacy, critical awareness, and a reorientation toward constructive, ethical, and progressive engagement in an increasingly digitized world.
A Comparative Study of the Educational Attitudes of Students Studying at the Secondary Level in Government and Private Schools
The present study, titled “A Comparative Study of the Educational Attitudes of Students Studying at the Secondary Level in Government and Private Schools,” focuses on analyzing the educational attitudes of students at the secondary level. The secondary stage is considered a transitional phase in a student’s life, during which their thinking, personality, goal-setting, and educational outlook are shaped. The educational attitude developed at this stage significantly influences students’ academic achievement, discipline, self-motivation, and future educational and career decisions. The primary objective of this study is to compare the educational attitudes of male and female students studying in government and private secondary schools, and to determine whether any significant difference exists between the two groups. The study adopts the survey method for data collection. A total sample of 200 students (100 from government schools and 100 from private schools) from the Bijnor district was selected through random sampling, ensuring equal representation of both types of schools. The research tool used was a self-constructed educational attitude questionnaire developed by the researcher. This instrument assessed the cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of students’ attitudes toward education, school, teachers, curriculum, examinations, and the learning process. The collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and critical ratio. Under the first hypothesis, the educational attitudes of male students were compared between government and private schools, revealing a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Similarly, under the second hypothesis, the analysis of female students also indicated a significant difference, as the obtained values exceeded the level of significance. The findings of the study clearly indicate that students (both boys and girls) studying in private schools at the secondary level exhibit more positive educational attitudes compared to their counterparts in government schools. This difference may be attributed to factors such as school environment, availability of resources, teaching methods, parental support, and a competitive atmosphere. The study provides valuable insights for improving the quality of education, ensuring equal opportunities, and guiding educational reforms. The conclusions drawn from this research can serve as a useful guide for policymakers, educators, and administrators to strengthen positive educational attitudes among students in government schools by enhancing the learning environment and implementing motivational strategies. Thus, the present study makes a meaningful contribution to attitude-related research in the field of secondary education.
Reading Gender through the Lens of Law: The Case of Phulmonee Dasi and Rukmabai
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This article discusses the impact of the Act of Consent Laws on the women of the nineteenth century. I have discussed the laws pertaining to women in the late nineteenth century. I discuss the Age of Consent law, which dragged on for many years as modernists and traditionalists were divided in their opinion on raising the age of consent from ten to twelve for girls for the consummation of marriage. Other laws regarding child marriage, property laws, the right for widows to remarry, infant mortality, and patrilocality laws are also discussed. I have also taken two case studies of Rukhamaibai, who was a child bride who refused to consummate her marriage and Phulmonee Dasi, a child bride married to Hari Mohan Maitee, who raped her. To both goes the credit of starting a discourse on the age of consent.
Feminine Sensibility, mythology, culture, tradition, Letters.
Changing Nature of Youth Nationalism in Contemporary India
*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:bc929a24-16bb-4493-9c96-42e0579ff333-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> This research paper presents an analysis of the evolving concept of contemporary Indian youth and its interrelationship with nationalism. It highlights that the identity of youth today is not merely defined by age, but by energy, creativity, efficiency, and a transformative vision. In the context of globalization, digital media, and social pressures, the youth is caught in a dual process—striving to establish a global identity while simultaneously attempting to remain connected to cultural roots and traditions. The study reveals that contemporary youth, in their effort to balance modernity and tradition, often experience psychological, social, and ideological conflicts. Despite these challenges, their dynamism, innovation, and active participation in socio-political spheres play a crucial role in nation-building. Furthermore, the growing inclination toward self-reliance, the rise of startup culture, and increased social awareness are contributing new dimensions to nationalism. At the same time, issues such as indiscipline, the desire for instant success, excessive Western influence, and neglect of health pose serious challenges. Through its research questions, the study concludes that youth cannot be confined to an age-based definition; they are navigating the tensions between modernity and tradition, actively shaping nationalism, and, despite partial detachment, attempting to reconnect with their cultural roots. However, challenges related to discipline and mental balance continue to hinder their holistic development. Therefore, if youth move forward with a strong sense of duty, cultural consciousness, and self-discipline, they can significantly contribute to shaping a more constructive and progressive form of nationalism.