Integral Research (ISSN:3048-5991) (CODEN:IRABCA) serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse disciplines to come together and explore the intersections between their respective fields. From the natural sciences to the social sciences, from humanities to technology, we aim to foster dialogue and exchange of ideas that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. Our journal encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Sustainability and environmental studies Health and well-being Socio-economic development Cultural studies and diversity Technology and innovation Education and pedagogy Philosophy and ethics Arts and literature Integral Research seeks to publish high-quality original research, reviews, and theoretical perspectives that contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues facing our world today. By bringing together insights from multiple disciplines, we strive to provide innovative approaches and novel solutions to the pressing challenges of our time. We invite researchers and scholars from all backgrounds to join us on this intellectual journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us embark on a quest to integrate knowledge, transcend disciplinary boundaries, and advance the frontiers of human understanding. Journal indexing in some prominent directories and databases. GEORGIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EuroPub Directory of Academic And Scientific Journals SJIF SPI-Hub IPIndexing KindCongress Cosmos ResearchBib RJIF ROOTINDEXING Crossref
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A Correlation Between Oriental & Occidental Mysticism: Lal Ded and William Blake
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">There have been many philosophers, sages and saints in the Oriental world since ancient times and so mostly people in the Oriental world believe “mysticism” to be confined to their world. But that is not true as the history of mysticism in the oriental world also dates back to the ancient times. Mysticism which literally means the unification with God has its root in ancient Greek also like India. Hence the unification of the human heart with the essence of the Absolute, the Divine, could never be confined to any place or religion, even era. From time to time, in different parts of the world there have been many philosophers and seers who have swept the world with their mystical approach. In our paper, we will delve into the writings of two great mystical poets from two eras and two different countries, Lad Ded or Lalleshvari and William Blake. The purpose of this research is to launch a discourse on how Mysticism as a thought and belief travelled from one world to completely another, and how it crossed the centuries to reach people of one era into another. While Lal Ded was a 14th Century Kashmiri poet, William Blake belonged to England of the Romantic Age.
Oriental & Occidental world, Mysticism Lal Ded, William Blake, Spiritualism, Literary Theory, The Romantic Age.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Shelter, the Storm, and the Gangster: A Review of Arundhati Roy’s Memoir Mother Mary Comes to Me
The poem expresses deep admiration for nature’s beauty during autumn. The poet praises nature as the greatest artist, who fills the world with colors and charm beyond human creation. Even as leaves fall, the scene appears graceful and full of life. The changing season is seen not as loss but as part of a divine rhythm — a reminder that renewal follows decay. The poet’s heart is filled with joy, awe, and gratitude for the Creator, whose artistry transforms every element of the world into wonder. The poem celebrates nature’s harmony, beauty, and continuous cycle of life.
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">History, culture and institutions have contributed to the transformation of art education in India. It began in art education in British colonial schools where it imitated models of the British industry, rather than fostering creativity. Teachers and students, such as Abanindranath Tagore and E.B. Havell, agitated to revive local traditions, and to make art directly related to identity, which gave rise to such stuff as the Bengal School. Despite the growth of such institutions as Santiniketan or the Lalit Kala Akademi, Indian art schools continue to be stagnant, with either outdated curricula or a single-minded concern with either traditional or new. We should know how to strike the balance between technical skills, freedom to explore and cultural roots. Given that globalization and digital technology transform the ways art appears and sells, Indian art is torn between its tradition and modernity, and it is an authenticity that we need the drastic changes and a new approach.
Art education, Abanindranath Tagore, Bengal School, colonial influence, modern Indian art, Lalit Kala Akademi, curriculum reform, cultural identity, contemporary art, art marketing.
Is Bengal Truly Casteless? A Reconsideration through Namasudra Autobiographies
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Bengal has historically been considered as an exception to the practice of casteism. While other states of the country experienced caste discrimination as a part of the social fabric, Bengal has been considered as an egalitarian state. The main reason attributed to this phenomenon is the progressiveness culture of Bengal which had the bhadralok at its centre. However, this paper revisits the notion of Bengal’s castelessness. This article also looks at the broader historical context of Bengali Dalit history which closely looks at the plight of Bengal’s Dalits after the Partition of 1947. The Dalits, mostly comprising of the Namasudra community, were forced to leave their land and migrate to West Bengal. Having become refugees overnight they resorted to help from the government but were treated indifferently. However, that was not the case for the upper caste refugees who were allowed rehabilitation facilities. Eventually the government of West Bengal sent away the destitute Dalit refugees under the Dandakaranya Project to remote places away from Bengal. Dandakaranya Project ultimately led to the infamous 1979 genocide at the Marichjhapi island of Sunderban. Dalit autobiographies such as that of Manoranjan Byapari Itibritte Chandal Jiban explicitly talk about these carefully silenced dark chapters of Bengal’s history which clearly show the casteist attitude which existed in the state of Bengal. Byapari's autobiography is not just a personal story of pain and survival. It serves as a historical document that proves Bengal's progressive self-image to be false. Byapari's transformation from a refugee to author and then to legislator, shows a reclaiming of Dalit agency. It is in this context that Dalit autobiographies become important for they act as testimonios which reclaim the lost histories. They demolish the false narratives by re-examining history through Dalit perspective. And proves beyond doubt that Bengal's purported castelessness is not an absence of caste but rather an act of intellectual suppression.
Bengal, Caste, Namasudra, Dalit Testimonios, Marichjhapi, Manoranjan Byapari, Dandakaranya, Matua.
A Study in Theme and Technique in The Novels of Upamanyu Chatterjee
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This paper delves deep into the deeper dimensions of theme and techniques in the novels of Upamanyu Chatterjee, who is regarded as one of the most successful and prolific Indian authors in English today. With a solid socio-cultural and Indian basis, Chatterjee's areas of study cover a broad spectrum of topics while continuing to be strongly impacted by the rich cultural heritage of India. This section includes nationalism and spiritualism. Like Aurobindo Ghosh, he believes that nationalism is having a sincere commitment to one's country and its citizens, irrespective of their caste, gender, ethnicity, or social standing. India is a multilingual, multicultural, and multi religious country. Conflicts over religion and culture have always existed. Politicians and religious leaders who are conservative and narrow-minded have often misled the public, which has occasionally led to riots. Despite several invasions and incursions, India has maintained its growth over time. India's spirituality is its greatest asset. In every attack—internal and external—they have strengthened it. Upamanyu Chatterjee asserts that by understanding the fundamental principles of Indian culture, the malevolent forces threatening the country's peace and harmony may be defeated. The primary objective of this study effort is to explore and analyse the thematic concerns and techniques he uses in his writings. This article is a moderate attempt to understand more about his literary genius unlike previous studies that have been undertaken.
Indian English fiction, Postcolonial literature, Narrative technique, Themes and motifs, Realism and satire, Urban alienation, Postmodern narrative
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Under the scourging toll of fast life, furious and fuming stress, and seductive sedentary lifestyle, gluiness to fluorescent screens till late night, the beauty of our sleep is eroded by insomnia miserably. Sleep is one of the most important determinants of our good health-mental and physical both. Sleep deprivation or inadequate sleep has cast aspersions on our overall health system, and shaken the metabolism, hormone secretion and its functional rhythm, and giving rise to innumerable physical disorders as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular ailments, obesity, mood swings and irritability, immune and autoimmune disorders, kidney issues, dementia, depression, and even Alzheimer’s disease inter alia. Sleep is one of the most requisite and involuntary processes that charge us up to function effectively. It is a process of rest and repair and restores the senses of our body and brain. In holy scriptures, the importance of sleep is inscribed. In Ayurvedic Samhitas- Charak Samhita, and Ahtanga Hridya, the value and worth of sleep is inscribed, and is considered one of the tree tenets of life, along with diet and good conduct. Good sleep in circadian rhythm is very beneficial for life, and potent marker of healthy life. The paper is a humble attempt to spread awareness about significance of quality sleep that disparages our mental, and physical health, and our overall wellbeing, and role of medication and meditation, In the paper, we’ll discuss sleep and its mechanism, insomnia and its causes, effects, and treatment.
Sleep, health, insomnia, mental health, metabolic syndrome, and meditation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. Mirza Sibtain Beg (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Value Creation and Customers Satisfaction: Tasks of Marketing in Hotel Industries in Asaba, Delta State
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Value creation and customers satisfaction: Tasks of marketing managers in hotel industries in Asaba, Delta, State. Value Creation is a manager and directors’ strategy for realization of goals in their organizations. Value creation is pivotal for making business to sail to greater heights. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. One research question guided the study. Population of the study is 5,000 which comprised 2000 males and 3000 female staffs of Elomaz Hotel. 20 male staffs each were selected from accounting and waiters and portal departments. On the other hand, 22 female staff were selected from advertisement, cooking and cleaning departments using stratified sampling technique, which gave a total sampling size of 126. Instrument used for data collection was a researcher developed questionnaire “titled value creation and customer satisfaction: Tasks of the marketing managers in Asaba Delt State, was used with four rating scale of strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree. Instrument for data collection was validated by two specialists from department of marketing and Business Education, Madonna University Okija campus, Anambra State. Cronbach alpha statistics was used to determine the reliability coefficient of the instrument at 0.78 and 0.97, which shows that the instrument was reliable for use in this study. A total of 126 questionnaires were administered to students with the help of two research assistants, and a total of 126 questionnaires were returned non- got missed. Mean scores were used to analyze the data. The finding from this study reveals that value creation encourages customers to return to hotels they have received their kind services thus, helping hotel organizations to create business legacies thus sailing in their goodwill. It was recommended from this study that hotel directors and managers should think out better hotel management strategy to keep their hotel business functional without hitches.
Value Creation, Hotel Business, Concept of Hotel Business, Concept of value Creation.
Sarala Devi Chaudhurani: A Forgotten Personality from the Pages of History
Sarala Devi Chaudhurani stands as an exemplar of an Indian woman whose indomitable willpower, patriotism, and assertion of feminine identity left an indelible mark on history. The niece of Rabindranath Tagore and daughter of Swarnakumari Devi, Sarala Devi broke the conventions of her time, contributing significantly to education, the Swadeshi movement, and women’s empowerment. Inspired by self-reliance and a spirit of rebellion in her early life, she adopted Gandhiji’s ideals; however, her blind devotion eventually led to the disintegration of her personal and family life. Her unwavering dedication to Gandhi made her known as his “spiritual wife,” but this also overshadowed her independent identity. Both Vivekananda and Gandhi were deeply influenced by her personality, yet history did not accord her the recognition she truly deserved. The life of Sarala Devi Chaudhurani remains an inspiring saga of womanly consciousness, Swadeshi spirit, and self-respect—illustrating that the true essence of womanhood lies in balancing devotion with individuality.
Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, Mahatma Gandhi, Feminine Identity, Swadeshi Movement, Devotion and Selfhood.
Interrelationship Between Population Dynamics and Quality of Life in Azamgarh District
This study presents a geographical analysis of the relationship between population dynamics and quality of life in the Vikateshwar Tehsil of Azamgarh district. Indicators such as population growth, density, literacy, sex ratio, occupational structure, health, and housing facilities were used. For data analysis, both quantitative and cartographic methods were employed. The results reveal significant regional disparities in the quality of life across the tehsil. Areas with better access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities exhibit higher living standards, whereas the border rural regions reflect lower levels of well-being. A slight positive correlation was found between population growth, the working population, and quality of life, while an inverse relationship was observed with industrial employment. The study concludes that balanced regional development in Vikateshwar Tehsil requires the expansion of educational, healthcare, and employment facilities.
Azamgarh, Population, Cultural Background, Industrialization, Social Awareness.
Exploring the Knowledge and Attitudinal Perspectives of Regular School Teachers Toward Inclusive Education
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Inclusive education is a transformative approach that emphasizes the right of every learner, rooted in principles of equity, diversity, and social justice. This approach seeks to eliminate barriers to learning and promote meaningful participation for all diversify students within mainstream classrooms. Teachers’ knowledge of inclusive education forms the foundation for successful implementation of inclusivity in classrooms. Without adequate knowledge, teachers may feel unprepared to adapt lessons, differentiate instructions, or manage diverse classrooms effectively. Equally important are teachers’ attitude toward inclusion, which significantly influence their willingness to embrace inclusive practices. Positive attitudes foster acceptance, creativity in teaching, and collaborative problem-solving, whereas negative attitudes can create barriers to meaningful participation for students with disabilities or special needs. The present study sought to find out the present status of high school teachers’ knowledge and their attitude regarding inclusive education in regular classrooms in District Bijnor of Uttar Pradesh. This study further try to find out impact of teachers’ demographic and professional factors as age, teaching experience and professional education on their knowledge level. Researcher is also keen to seek correlation between knowledge and attitude of teachers regarding inclusion and their impact on implementation. In this study descriptive survey method has been used. 400 high school teachers have been selected through purposive sampling from 50 stratified random selected schools from all over District Bijnor. Researcher in supervisor’s guidance, developed the Teachers’ Knowledge of Inclusive Education Scale (TKIES) to collect data for knowledge of teachers regarding inclusive education. Another standardised tool Teacher Attitude Scale Towards Inclusive Education (TASTIE) developed by Vishal Sood and Arti Anand (2011) was used to collect data of attitude towards inclusive education. . Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, SD) were applied to find out status of knowledge and attitude, while independent t-tests and ANOVA examined mean differences, and Pearson’s r assessed the relationship between knowledge and attitude. Statistical analysis done with the help of SPSS 21 software. Result of the study revealed that high school teachers in Bijnor district possess an overall average level of knowledge regarding inclusive education. Younger teachers (<35 years, M = 126.52) demonstrated higher knowledge compared to those aged 35–50 years (M = 124.14) and above 50 years (M = 121.10), likely due to recent training programs that incorporate inclusive education. Higher qualifications also correlated with greater knowledge, as teachers with P.G./M.Ed. (M = 129.24) outperformed U.G./B.Ed. (M = 122.60) and P.G./B.Ed. (M = 124.23). Similarly, early-career teachers (<10 years, M = 126.12) scored higher than those with 10–20 years (M = 122.91) and >20 years (M = 124.29) of experience. Overall, teachers reported a “moderately high positive attitude” toward inclusion, and a positive correlation was observed between knowledge and attitudes.
Inclusive education, mainstream classroom, teacher’s knowledge of inclusive education, TKIES, TASTIE, attitude.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) A Green Solution for Medicine, Agriculture, and Environmental Sustainability
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is a tropical evergreen tree widely recognized for its medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications. Native to the Indian subcontinent, neem contains over 300 bioactive compounds including limonoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, and polyphenols. These compounds contribute to antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and wound-healing properties. Traditional systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha have utilized neem for centuries for skin infections, fevers, ulcers, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders. Modern pharmacology has isolated key phytochemicals such as azadirachtin, nimbolide, nimbin, and quercetin, which act via apoptosis induction, inflammatory pathway modulation, and microbial growth inhibition. Beyond healthcare, neem supports sustainable agriculture as a natural pesticide and soil enhancer. This review covers neem’s botanical traits, ethnobotanical importance, phytochemistry, pharmacology, agricultural significance, industrial applications, extraction techniques, toxicology, clinical trials, and prospects. The study bridges traditional knowledge with modern research, highlighting neem’s potential in health, environment, and industry.
Azadirachta indica, Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer,Wound Healing, Ethnobotany, Biopesticides, Sustainable Agriculture, Industrial Applications, Herbal Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Toxicology.
The Ecological Path to Self-Realisation: Atmana and Nature in Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">This paper explores the concepts of Indian philosophy and ecocriticism to analyse the portrayal of Atmana Hermann Hesse’s novel Siddhartha. It examines how Hesse connects beautiful representation of nature and the spiritual journey of Siddhartha with Indian spiritual tradition, especially the concept of Hinduism called Atmana—the essence of the self. The paper shows how Siddhartha’s observation and immersion in nature world led him to fundamental lessons of Indian philosophy about Atmana, Dharma and the path to emancipation. In the novel, Hesse uses Indian spiritual traditions to foster a deeper ecological awareness along with the portrayal of Atmana. This ecological awareness refers an individual’s connection with the nature which is linked to the knowledge of Atmana. It suggests that spiritual awakening is more than just an event; it’s a thorough understanding of oneself and the surroundings. The novel uses symbols of river, forests, and animals to show cyclic nature of life and how everything is connected. The novel shows strong connection between nature and spirituality. It combines the ideas of Indian philosophy and environmental awareness to show that Siddhartha’s journey is also inclined to ecology. The paper argues that the concept of Atmana is linked to both philosophical and ecological understanding of the world by creating a unified view of spiritual and environmental consciousness. It is a unique way to look at the novel.
Self-Realisation, Nirvana, Atmana, Nature, Enlightenment.
Trends in Net Barter Terms of Trade and Macroeconomic Indicators in India: 1980-2024
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This study examines the relationship between net barter terms of trade (TOT) and macroeconomic indicators in India over the period 1980–2024. This study uses the time-series data to examine the relationship between India’s net barter terms of trade and macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth rate, Inflation (CPI), Exchange Rate and Fiscal deficit. The study concludes that when net barter terms of trade improve GDP growth rate increases, increases investment, fiscal and external pressures are reduced. Conversely, when Net barter terms of trade deteriorate, Inflation increases, Fiscal deficit increases and currency depreciation occurs, which undermine macroeconomic stability.
Net Barter Terms of Trade, GDP Growth Rate, Inflation, Exchange Rate, and Fiscal Deficit.
Habemus Papam: The Middle Path as redemption in The Conclave
Cinema has the potential to bring narratives to life and to ensure their longevity in public memory. If art was the visual medium of memory making in the pre-cinematic days, the voluble, animated, audible medium of cinema has captured the imagination of human beings world-wide. The soft power that cinema exudes has ensured that it wields social-political-economic agency and carries the responsibility of disseminating a certain point of view. The magic of cinema is such that it can be used to tell a story from any angle and with the right techniques of narration, music, characterization, the viewers also become partisan to the stated views. The paper seeks to discuss the film The Conclave in the light of the gendered notion of religion. Released in 2024, The Conclave presents the intricacies of the Vatican as they set out to elect a new pope. The Cardinals present a cross-section of the world as we know it today, hypermasculine, conservatives jostling for space alongside vacillating moderates and ‘woke’ individuals who look for diversity and inclusivity. As war and violence rages all over the world, what sort of a voice is needed to head one of the most powerful and influential institutions in the world? The Conclave presents a resolution that is bold and visionary- it brings forth the idea of an individual who encompasses a deep understanding of humanity from living in the most troubled areas in the world but also from a lived reality. The Conclave presents a perspective that is revolutionary, healing and androgynous- much like Christ.
The Conclave, Pope, Vatican, Intersex, Woke politics, Critical Gender and Race studies
Exploring The Effectiveness of Social Media Advertising Campaigns in 21st Century Nigeria
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The global advertising industry has experienced a fundamental transformation in the 21st century, with the advent of social media platforms. Social media have revolutionised how brands and organizations communicate with consumers, shifting advertising from one-way communication to interactive, data-driven, and personalised engagements. In Nigeria, the rise of Internet penetration, mobile connectivity, and youth-driven digital culture has positioned social media advertising as a major component of marketing communication. Despite this rapid growth, questions remain regarding the actual effectiveness of social media advertising, particularly in terms of consumer engagement, behavioural influence, and long-term brand loyalty. This study explored the effectiveness of social media advertising campaigns in Nigeria, using a mixed-method approach, and grounded in Social Network Theory (SNT), Uses and Gratification theory and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). A descriptive survey was conducted with a sample of 385 respondents, determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) sample size table. Respondents were drawn from active Nigerian social media users who had been exposed to advertising campaigns across platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and analysed through both descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests and regression analysis. Findings indicate that social media advertising is highly effective in raising brand awareness, fostering interactivity, and influencing consumer purchase intentions. However, challenges such as misinformation, Internet fraud, intrusive pop-up ads, and lack of regulatory oversight were identified as barriers to effectiveness. The study concluded that social media advertising campaigns are powerful tools for Nigerian businesses, but it requires enhanced regulation, digital literacy, and adoption of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven verification tools to minimise risks. Recommendations are offered to policymakers, advertisers, and consumers to strengthen the credibility and long-term sustainability of social media advertising in Nigeria.
Advertising, Digital, Effectiveness, Exploring, Marketing, Social Media.
Brain Drain and Indian Society: A Sociological Study of Causes, Consequences, and Policy Perspectives
Brain Drain is emerging today as a serious and multidimensional challenge for Indian society and the economy. Highly educated and skilled youth—whether engineers, scientists, doctors, or experts in management and information technology—are migrating to developed countries in search of better opportunities, higher salaries, advanced research facilities, and global recognition. This process, on one hand, has resulted in a loss of human capital for India, creating gaps in fields such as research, innovation, and healthcare. On the other hand, it has brought some positive benefits in the form of remittances, global exposure, and knowledge exchange. From a sociological perspective, brain drain is not merely an economic phenomenon but is deeply linked to social structure, youth aspirations, cultural identity, and the trends of globalization. Theoretical frameworks such as the World-Systems Theory, Modernization Theory, and the Human Capital Approach help in understanding the complexities of this process. In recent years, Indian policymaking has sought to transform this challenge into an opportunity—through initiatives such as the National Education Policy 2020, the Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN), and Startup India, which aim to bring back talent or leverage their expertise within the country. This research paper presents an extensive sociological analysis of the background, causes, consequences, and policy dimensions of brain drain. The study reveals that India must, in the long term, develop a balanced strategy that simultaneously strengthens education and research opportunities within the country and transforms the potential of the Indian diaspora into “brain gain” on the global stage.
Brain Drain, Migration of Skilled Workers, Indian Society, Human Capital, Foreign Remittances, Globalization, Policy Perspective
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Prashant Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Women Empowerment and Community Development: Voices and Perspectives of Marginalised Women in Nigeria
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The study explored women empowerment and community development: voices and perspectives of marginalized women. Women’s voices are unheard in most developing societies, and this essentially affected their socio-economic, socio-political, and socio-cultural impacts on community development activities. Universally, women encounter traversing discrimination, intensifying poverty susceptibility, and restraining unemployment. 69 of 190 economies restrict women’s workforce participation while 43 economies lack workplace sexual harassment laws. SDG goal 5 which focuses on gender equality promises to put an end to the barriers endearing women’s voices and perspectives. This marginalisation can be surmounted through women empowerment programmes for sustainable living conditions, equal human rights and social justice among humans. Concepts of marginalization, empowerment, women empowerment, and community development were discussed. Moreover, the obstructions and factors facilitating women’s empowerment for community development were also conversed. Therefore, women should be reinvigorated and involved in community development committees to guarantee their voices are heard and valued.
Marginalization, Empowerment, Women Empowerment, Community Development, Voices and Perspectives of Women.
Journey of Self-discovery The Alchemist-Paulo Coelho
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This article examines Paulo Coelho’s novel THE ALCHEMIST, concentrating on the powerful idea of following one’s ambitions. The narrative focuses on self-discovery, personal legend, and inner faith through Santiago’s transformation from shepherd to treasure seeker. Coelho’s writing, which combines fantasy, adventure, and spiritual understanding, encourages readers to trust their hearts and accept the path to ultimate purpose and satisfaction, despite hurdles and uncertainty. Coelho’s basic yet symbolic writing style makes the work both universally relatable and emotionally meaningful. Beyond tangible riches is found in courage, progress, and the balance between dreams and emotionally meaningful. This study also considers how the narrative relates to human wants for meaning, purpose, and the timeless search for identity in chaotic environment.
Paulo Coelho, The Alchemist, Personal legend, Dreams, Inner faith, Adventure, Human desires, Identity.
Dark Science and Damned Souls: Ethics and Gothic in Marry Shelley’s Frankenstein
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Frankenstein<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> by Mary Shelley provides a thorough examination of the moral ramifications of unbridled intellectual ambition and the human yearning to surpass natural boundaries. Through the tragic tale of victor Frankenstein and his creation Mary Shelley combines gothic themes with moral analysis to show that true monstrosity is found in indifference, neglect, and the lack of compassion rather than in outward appearance. This paper explores the novel’s ethical, emotional, and gothic aspects examining the conflict between creator and creation, societal bias, and the fallout from pursuing ambition without empathy. This Study examines textual evidence and intertextual references such as paradise lost to show how Marry Shelley creates a story that is both horrifying and ethically enlightening.
Frankenstein, Mary Shelley, Gothic literature, Ambition, Creation and neglect, The creature.
Reflection on the Present Time: Avadhut Kapalikon Ka Marg and Other Poems
If literature is a mirror of society, it should reflect its image, depicting the realities, struggles, and values of its time. Dr. Kaushal Tiwari, a distinguished scholar of Sanskrit literature, has significantly contributed to the literary world through his songs, ghazals, modern poems, critiques, and translations. Recently, he published a collection of translated free-verse Sanskrit poems titled Avadhut Kapalikon Ka Marg and Other Poems, featuring 73 poems by 17 contemporary poets. This anthology encompasses a wide spectrum of themes, including philosophical reflections on life, societal decay, women’s perspectives, devotional expressions, love, urban experiences, psychological insights, political critique, and discourses on caste, tribal, and marginalized communities. The poems vividly portray modern social issues such as neglect of the elderly, corruption, gender violence, and the erosion of traditional values, while also highlighting emotional and spiritual dimensions of human experience. The poets select their thematic ground thoughtfully, addressing family, community, nation, and rapidly changing social contexts with depth and awareness. This anthology offers readers not only accessible and engaging poetry but also a nuanced understanding of contemporary Indian society through the lens of Sanskrit poetic expression.
Sanskrit poetry translation Contemporary social issues Women's perspectives Political and cultural critique Literary reflection of society
A Comparative Study of Indian and Dutch Folktales
Edited by Dr. Ritu Sharma Nanand Pandey, Netherlands’ Famous Stories (2025, Isect Publications, Bhopal) is a collection of 13 Dutch folktales. The anthology is not merely a translation but also serves as a cultural bridge between India and the Netherlands. Through these stories, one finds glimpses of the social, economic, political, and religious life of the Netherlands, while also opening possibilities for comparative study with Indian folktales. Earlier, Dr. Sharma translated Sartre’s existentialist play No Exit (Band Raston ke Beech) and the Dutch children’s novel Dieren Beul (Janwaron ka Jani Dushman). In the context of this work, references to Indian folklorists such as Prof. Prabha Pant, A. K. Ramanujan, and writer Vijaydan Detha place the discussion within the broader framework of folklore studies. The tales in the collection establish parallels with Indian narratives. Stories like Samajhdar Anatun, Chuhiya ki Shadi (The Mouse’s Wedding), and Jadui Patthar (The Magical Stone) resonate with the Panchatantra and the folktales of Kumaon. These narratives feature timeless elements such as magical objects, transformations, cleverness, and moral dilemmas. This anthology enriches Hindi literature while introducing readers to Dutch folklore and embodies the spirit of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam—the world as one family.
Dutch Folktales, Comparative Folklore, Hindi Translation, Cultural Bridge, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.
Psychological Distress and Social Support as Factors in Substance Use Among Adolescent Students in Abakaliki
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">The use of substance among adolescent students is widely reported, but the factors driving this are unclear. Recent reports of bullying in schools and general socioeconomic difficulties in Nigeria suggest a heightened psychological distress among students. Considering previous reports on the use of substance to assuage the experience of distress, we sought to determine whether psychological distress among adolescent students would be associated with the use of substance. We also examined social support as a viable social catalyst that would be negatively associated with substance use among adolescents. Using a cross-sectional design, this study investigated whether psychological distress and social support were associated with substance use. Participants were 375 students aged 11-19 years drawn from three government-run secondary schools in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. Data was collected using Psychoactive Substance Use Questionnaire, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Regression results revealed that psychological distress was positively associated with substance use (β = .23, t = 4.61, p<.05). Support from friends but not from family and significant others was negatively associated with substance use (β = -.18, t = -.2.16, p<.05). The mean score of 5.95 (SD = 6.02) evidenced the rate of substance use among the students. These findings highlight the importance of addressing social issues that would lead to distress among students and the need for school policies that facilitate peer support in order to prevent substance use among adolescent students.
Adolescent students, psychological distress, social support, substance use.
Negotiating Myth and Modernity: A Reading of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s The Palace of Illusions
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">With the rise of the third wave of Feminism, Écriture feminine is also becoming popular as people find it interesting to know the women from a woman's perspective. So, from the last decade of the twentieth century an Indian-born- American writer Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni came with the idea to give voices to female characters in her novels like The Mistress of Spices (1997), Sister of My Heart (1999), The Palace of Illusions (2008) and many more. She aims at writing fiction which almost every woman can relate to. The voices which the patriarchal society has suppressed throughout the different ages now are being told by a woman for the women who still silently performing the role of a ‘woman’ in age-old stereotypical terms.
Feminism, Écriture féminine, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Suppression, Patriarchal Society, Stereotype.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education: A Study
This study presents an in-depth analysis of the role, impact, and future possibilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the field of education. It begins with the premise that education is the foundation of national development and that technological innovation is essential for delivering quality education. The study highlights AI as a transformative agent in education, capable of significantly enhancing access and quality through personalized learning, automated administration, and inclusive education for students with disabilities and those in remote areas. At the same time, it emphasizes AI’s role as a supportive tool for teachers rather than a replacement. Alongside these vast potentials, the research also critically examines challenges such as data security, ethical concerns, the digital divide, and the impact on employment. In conclusion, the study underscores the urgent need for clear policy frameworks, ethical standards, and human oversight in order to maximize the benefits of AI while minimizing its risks. Ultimately, it advocates adopting AI not as a substitute for teachers but as an effective collaborator, which is key to shaping a balanced, safe, and progressive educational future.
Artificial Intelligence, Automated Administration, Education, Technologization, Digital Education.
Role of Leadership in Education of Madhesh University
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">Leadership Dynamics in Nepalese Village<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> communities<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> is a representative vision of the reality. The main thrust of the present study is to find out the emergence of leadership, to identify the basic components which provide an environment for the emergence of leadership and to explore the role of leadership for social, economic and political transformation<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> in the rural areas of Nepal<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">. <span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">Present study also attempts to explore the dynamics of leadership as it is embeded and remain functional and provide meaning to the people who live for centuries to the rural areas of Nepal.<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> <span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">The study of community leadership<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> is significant <span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">to generate knowledge on bringing positive social,cultural and economic transformation in the village communities of Nepal.<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> <span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">L<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">eaders in the Nepalese Villages are not necessarily formal leaders<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> with<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> political affiliations<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> and<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">official position<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">. In this context<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> professional attainment may not be characteristics of the most influential leaders<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> who live and work<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> in the rural community<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">ies of Nepal<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">. But these are the men who are silently trusted; people consult them, seek their advice and listen to them patiently with respect. They are invited in the important ceremonies, are called upon to settle disputes and are chosen to places of responsibility. Their influence may or may not be overflow the village boundaries, they may not be active in party politics, and some of them probably have never contested elections for any<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;"> formal <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">office<span lang="HY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: HY; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">al positions<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">. It is easy to identify formal leaders who hold offices in formal organizations or are elected to places of responsibility.
Leadership, Education, Society, Madhesh, University.
The Pedagogy of Collaboration: Teaching English in New Evolving Technology Scenario
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the face of evolution, nay, revolution of technological advancement, our communication styles, information requirements, teaching paradigms, and learning patterns are apace with it. It is really a daunting task, and formidable too for the professionals to keep harnessing such opportunities that technology offer to us while maintaining our adherence to firm pedagogical approaches. It is high time-very challenging and exciting for the education providers to exploit our skills and hone creativity to innovate our teaching methods and techniques in the light and luster of changing landscape. This paper is a humble attempt to pinpoint a blueprint that may pave a pathway to English educators to utilize novel technologies in pedagogically sound and sensible ways in order to sharpen students’ communicative skills, competence and digital awareness necessity with an increasing competitive world. Collaborative and cooperative learning in higher education enthuse in students a motivation and love for their study. Learning resources need to be perfectly exploited, newer techniques and methods require to be integrated in the classroom in an ebullient way by the teachers for collaborative action in the maze of new evolving technological surge.
Innovative Teaching Methods, pedagogy, students’ competence, technology, and collaboration.
Vastu Science Described in the Puranas: Relevance in the Present Times
The ancient tradition of Vastu Vidya (the science of architecture) is found in Sanskrit literature. The foundational principles of this science appear in the most ancient texts of the world—the Vedas. The Rigveda symbolically describes the process of house construction. References to architectural principles are also found in the Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda Samhitas, the Shatapatha Brahmana, Aranyakas, Chandogya Upanishad, Kaushitaki Upanishad, as well as in the Paraskara Grihyasutra, Vaikhanasa Dharmasutra, and Manusmriti. The Puranas are the foundational pillars of Indian culture and civilization, upon which the modern world’s development stands. Post-Vedic literature provides a detailed exposition of Vastu science. Within the eighteen Puranas, many chapters contain in-depth discussions and elaborate accounts of this discipline. For thousands of years, the acharya tradition has worked tirelessly for the systematic development of this science. The term Vastu derives from the root “vas” (to dwell) with the suffix “tun,” meaning a dwelling place, land, or house. In the Yajurveda Samhita, Vastu refers to Yajnavastu (a sacred dwelling for rituals). In texts such as the Apastamba Shrautasutra and the Paraskara Grihyasutra, the word generally denotes “residence.” In the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the word Vastu indicates house construction. In the Puranas, particularly in the Matsya Purana, the term is used in the sense of the abode of the gods. In today’s materialistic age, individuals need houses that are imbued with positive energy. Unplanned construction of buildings and residences, however, often results in adverse effects. Although the term Vastu Shastra has become highly popular in modern times, there is an urgent need for deeper inquiry into its subtle principles. This research paper aims to present the Puranic Vastu science to scholars at both national and international levels, with the objective of exploring appropriate solutions to the challenges of contemporary building and housing construction. Today, limited financial resources and restricted space make housing construction a significant challenge. In the absence of knowledge of Vastu principles, construction errors frequently occur, often leading to serious consequences.
Vastu Vidya (Science of Architecture), Vastu Shastra (Architectural Principles), Puranas (Ancient Texts), Manasik (Mental), Bhavan (Building), Nirman (Construction), Dishāon (Directions), Matsya Purana, Smritis (Codes of Law), Agni Purana.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Chandra Prabha Gangwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Empowering Generation Z: Navigating Financial Challenges andBuilding a Secure Future in a Changing World
Generation Z, also known as Gen Z, centennials, iGeneration, post-millennials, and zoomers, would fall within the birth years ranging between the mid-1990s to early 2010s. At this transition stage, as these young adults enter into adulthood, they are bound to face new financial challenges. Gen Z is basically digital natives and, therefore, their financial behavior has been highly influenced by technology and social media. This gives way to debt, a high cost of living, and economic uncertainty in their lives. This paper exposes how social influence, consumerism, and a weak financial education led to problematic financial decisions within the Gen-Z group. Social media platforms expose Gen-Z to ideal lifestyles, as well as materialistic standards that lead to impulse financial stress. These behaviors are hindered further by the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and comparison culture as the generation must purchase things that it does not require to become updated or to keep itself included in the mainstream of life. Lifestyle inflation and inadequate financial literacy are also the factors creating debt stacking and financial strain. The study will look into the issues of Gen-Z, revealing the need to remove the barriers to financial empowerment for ensuring long-term financial resilience, and providing insights and practical solutions to achieve security, stability, prosperity, peace and independence for building a secure future in a changing world.
Copyright (c) 2025 Om, Abnish Singh Chauhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Imperial Eyes and Native Shadows: A Study of Othering in George Orwell's Burmese Days
George Orwell’s Burmese Days (1934) offers a profound critique of British imperial rule in Burma, exposing how racial hierarchies and cultural prejudices legitimized colonial authority. This study applies Edward Said’s (1978) concept of Othering to examine how the colonizers construct the Burmese as inferior and fundamentally different, thereby reinforcing imperial dominance. Through close textual analysis, the paper argues that Orwell simultaneously critiques and reflects orientalist ideologies, presenting a complex narrative of empire, race, and identity. The analysis further explores how systemic racism manifests in institutional spaces, such as the European Club, and in individual attitudes embodied by characters like Ellis and Elizabeth. Moreover, the protagonist Flory’s moral conflict illustrates the psychological toll of colonial contradictions, while Dr. Veraswami’s internalized racism reveals the cultural alienation of the colonized. By situating the novel within postcolonial discourse, this paper demonstrates how Burmese Days interrogates the ideological foundations of imperialism while exposing the fragility of its moral justifications.
Racism, othering, imperial identity, colonialism, internalized racism, orientalism, colonial identity, cultural alienation, postcolonial literature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhruti Jokhakar, Dr. Falguni P Desai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0