Integral Research (ISSN:3048-5991) (CODEN:IRABCA) serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse disciplines to come together and explore the intersections between their respective fields. From the natural sciences to the social sciences, from humanities to technology, we aim to foster dialogue and exchange of ideas that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. Our journal encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Sustainability and environmental studies Health and well-being Socio-economic development Cultural studies and diversity Technology and innovation Education and pedagogy Philosophy and ethics Arts and literature Integral Research seeks to publish high-quality original research, reviews, and theoretical perspectives that contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues facing our world today. By bringing together insights from multiple disciplines, we strive to provide innovative approaches and novel solutions to the pressing challenges of our time. We invite researchers and scholars from all backgrounds to join us on this intellectual journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us embark on a quest to integrate knowledge, transcend disciplinary boundaries, and advance the frontiers of human understanding. Journal indexing in some prominent directories and databases. GEORGIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EuroPub Directory of Academic And Scientific Journals SJIF SPI-Hub IPIndexing KindCongress Cosmos ResearchBib RJIF ROOTINDEXING Crossref
(SAFE), Society For Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) Address: 53, Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly 243112 (UP) India Email: safeindiaweb@gmail.com Website:https://safeindia.org.in/index.php/integral-research/
Pearl S. Buck as A Practical Idealist: Patriotism, Humanity and Political Responsibility in The Patriot
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">Pearl S. Buck holds a unique place in the literature of the twentieth century due to her continual involvement with the questions of culture, history, politics, identity and human values. Her patriotic novel The Patriot (1939) offers an important literary framework on how to look at the connection between patriotism, humanity and political responsibility. Within the backdrop of the riotous Chinese politics of the day, the novel features the personal and ideological conflict of Wu I-wan whose political awakening slowly changes his perception of loyalty, nationalism and duty. The essay presented in this paper contends that in The Patriot, Buck comes out as a pragmatic idealist who does not oppose the commitment to patriotism nor does he believe in political ideology without question. Rather, she is trying to balance the national responsibility and universal human values. This paper discusses how Buck portrays patriotism as a moral and ethical duty as opposed to political loyalty. The events of revolutionary activism, exile, cultural displacement, personal relations, and I-wan later experiencing the national crisis in China show the intricate mechanism whereby political idealism is transformed into mature and effective patriotism. The article also examines the conflict between personal liberty and the duty to the community, showing that political realities defy the personal wishes and ethical beliefs of the protagonist. The way in which Buck treats revolutionary nationalism also demonstrates her worry of the human cost of political warfare, especially displacement, sacrifice, divided allegiance, and family and personal relations being uprooted. This paper employs a humanistic and textual approach to understanding The Patriot as a historical narrative as well as a moral understanding of political commitment. It argues that the practical idealism of Buck is in her efforts to make humanity the centre of patriotism. Finally, the novel indicates that true patriotism can be effective when the national loyalty is put into conscience, compassion, responsibility, and respect to human dignity. In this way The Patriot shows how Buck had a unique literary vision where political dedication and humanism on the whole can be held without the need to compromise on moral responsibility.
Pearl S. Buck; The Patriot; Practical Idealism; Patriotism; Humanism; Political Responsibility; National Identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perception of Teacher Educators towards Their Professional Development
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This study attempts to find out the perceptions and professional development practices of teacher educators of teacher education institutions of Rajasthan. The major objectives of the study were: 1. To study the perceptions of teacher educators towards the benefits and quality of professional development programmes (PDP) in teacher education. 2. To examine the perceptions of teacher educators regarding the role of departments, institutions, principals, and national educational agencies in promoting professional development. 3. To analyse the perceptions of teacher educators regarding the contribution of regular academic responsibilities and online resources towards their professional development. A Descriptive Survey Research Design was adopted to conduct the study. The sample consisted of 175 teacher educators and 20 Principals/HODs selected through convenience, simple random, available, incidental, and accidental sampling techniques from 20 teacher education institutions. Data were collected using a standardized five-point Likert type Perception Scale adapted from Ravi Ranjan Kumar (2018). The instrument was validated by experts and established satisfactory reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.837. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistical techniques. The findings revealed that that continuous professional development, institutional leadership, research engagement, ICT integration, and collaborative academic practices are essential for strengthening the quality and effectiveness of teacher education.
Education, Professional Development, NEP-2020, Teacher Educator, ICT, Learners, Principals, HOD.
Navigating the Nature–Kaya Nexus in Nirmal Verma’s The Red Tin Roof
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Nirmal Verma’s novel The Red Tin Roof presents a nuanced nexus of gender and ecological consciousness through its subtle portrayal of memory, space, and nature. The novel is set against the backdrop of a hill station (Shimla) and it intertwines the subjectivities of its characters especially women with the surrounding natural environment. The narrative hints a deep quite a symbiotic relationship between gendered experience and ecological space. The female characters, especially Kaya (and to an extent Mrs Joshua) navigate a world shaped by nature, pine trees, mountains, silences, isolation of the females, and their unarticulated desires. Nature in this novel is a true mirror to their growing subjectivities. From an eco-critical lens, nature in the novel is not at all passive but a very active presence that mediates Kaya’s emotions. The recurring imagery of mist, hills and pine tress evokes a sense of isolation, fragility, paralleling the psychological states of the characters. The natural world becomes a space of both refuge and estrangement, particularly for women characters. Verma’s narrative thus bridges gender and ecology by highlighting how both women and nature. He as a writer is able to see through the trope of nature and how it holds and understands the female presence. The Red Tin Roof offers a contemplative critique of human relationships with each other and with the natural world.
Eco consciousness, symbiotic relationships, gender, nature, female identity.
A Study of the Impact of Social Intelligence on the Environmental Attitude of Students Studying in Secondary Schools in Pilibhit City
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: pretty; margin: 0px; margin-block: 0px 0.25rem; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: -apple-system-body, ui-sans-serif, -apple-system, 'system-ui', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, 'Apple Color Emoji', Arial, 'sans-serif', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Human beings live with the pride of considering themselves the most superior species on Earth. Since the beginning of human civilization, they have been exploiting nature indiscriminately to fulfill their unlimited needs. This greed continues to increase, and in the pursuit of achieving new dimensions of so-called development, human beings are constantly creating threats to nature, natural resources, other species, and even their own existence. Various forms of environmental pollution and numerous environmental problems are rooted in the unlimited and never-ending greed of human beings. Research has revealed that environmental behavior is influenced by environmental attitude. Environmental attitude affects various factors and is itself influenced by several other factors. The present research paper attempts to investigate whether social intelligence has an influence on environmental attitude. In this study, Dr. Haseen Taj’s Environmental Attitude Scale and Bindu Joseph and Prem Prabha Singh’s Social Intelligence Scale were used. The study revealed a moderate-to-high positive correlation between environmental attitude and social intelligence. No significant difference was found in environmental attitude on the basis of gender and academic stream. However, students from urban backgrounds were found to have better environmental attitudes than students from rural backgrounds.
Youth Culture, Social Change, Indian Society, Globalization, Digitalization, Social Media, Sociology, Youth Development.
Women and Patriarchal Power in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and King Lear: A Feminist Reading
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Shakespeare’s Macbeth and King Lear demonstrate a variety of images of women, both at the center of, and sidelined by, men’s power and influence within a male-dominated social and political system. Through a feminist reading, this essay investigates how these female characters navigate the obstacles, provoke rebellion, and are ultimately victimized by social structures governed by patriarchy and rigid notions of gender. Specifically focusing on Lady Macbeth, the three witches, Cordelia, Goneril and Regan, the essay provides an analysis of female characters, the relationship between their power, ambition, gender and social constraint, how they negotiate patriarchal authority. Lady Macbeth's rejection of traditional feminine identity and his attempt to manipulate the political machinations in Macbeth exposes how the society limits the ambition of women and her subsequent mental breakdown illustrates the dire effects of subverting expectations imposed on femininity whereas in King Lear the challenge to the traditional role of the women, which is that the authority figure has to be a man, is evident in all women, but is illustrated clearly through cordelia's rebellion to paternal order versus Regan and Goneril's manipulation of politics. The women's treatment and the decisions made through their identity is clearly dictated and affected by masculine ideals, therefore their interactions prove to us how the characters' lives differ and how these differences are a result of the patriarchal framework of society, however these plays simultaneously uphold and at the same time create doubt within the patriarchal traditions of the Elizabethan world.
Shakespeare, Feminism, Patriarchy, Gender, Female Agency, Macbeth, King Lear, Women and Power.
Interface Engineering in Nanostructured Photovoltaics: Materials, Mechanisms and Efficiency Enhancement
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Within a short time, the nanostructured photovoltaic technologies have reached significant developments in power conversion efficiency. With material interfaces, however, non-radiative recombination is a significant issue that hinders efficiency and stability. This review will cover a comprehensive analysis of interface engineering strategies in CdTe and CIGS, Perovskites and Quantum dots solar cells. The basic mechanisms, such as band alignment, interfacial defects and charge transport mechanisms, are discussed. Different modification techniques such as optimization of the buffer layer, surface passivation, insertion of 2D materials, green-synthesized nanomaterials are analysed critically. Experimental results show 15-22% higher power conversion efficiencies and attaining greater stabilities of above 1000 hours through optimized interfaces. Special focus is placed on sustainable solutions based on plant-mediated synthesis of ZnO, TiO₂ nanoparticles, as low-cost interface layers. Finally, future trends of interface design and self-healing materials for future photovoltaics using artificial intelligence are discussed.
Interface Engineering; Nanostructured Photovoltaics; Thin Film Solar Cells; Recombination; Passivation; Green Nanomaterials; Charge Transport.
Integrating Innovative Instructional Approaches in Business Education Curriculum for Students’ Skill Enhancement in Universities in South-South, Nigeria
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This study investigated the extent of integrating of innovative approaches in Business Education curriculum for students’ skill enhancement in universities in south-south Nigeria. This study as descriptive survey adopted had 316 students or sample size as obtained from Taro Yamane formula out of the population of 1496 final year business education students from the twelve (12) public business education universities in South-South Nigeria running business education programme in the universities. Two objectives, research questions as well as hypotheses were stated, answered and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The data collections were carried out using a structured questionnaire titled: Integrating Innovative Approaches in Business Education Curriculum for Students' Skill Enhancement Questionnaire (IIABECSSEQ) that was validated by three experts of the Department of Business Education and Guidance and Counseling for face and content validation. The reliability of the instrument was obtained using Pearson Product Moment correlation (PPMC) and the obtained reliability is 0.92 respectively. The research questions were answered by Descriptive Statistics- Mean and Descriptive Statistics- Standard Deviation, while statistical tests of the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance employed are: Independent t-test. The findings of this study show that the skill specific module approach and the industry immersion program approach in Business Education curriculum in Universities in south-south Nigeria promotes the skill to a high level. In addition, there is a significant difference in the mean responses of male and female business education students on extent to which skill-specific module approach and industry immersion program approach in business education curriculum enhances students’ skill in universities in south-south, Nigeria. It was recommended among others, that business education curriculum be reviewed and extended so that students will have various needed skills for their self-reliance after their schooling.
Integrating Innovative Instructional, Approaches, Business Education, Curriculum and Skill Enhancement.
Homeless Solidarities: The In-Between Lives of the Occupants of Chandigarh’s Streets
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This paper examines the informal solidarities of Chandigarh as a way of rethinking Chandigarh’s ordered spatiality. This objective is achieved by exploring the solidarities of Chandigarh's homeless and working-class migrant populations through the spatial dialectic of motion and obstruction. Drawing on Ritajyoti Bandyopadhyay’s theorisation of the street as an apparatus of city-making, the paper reads literary representations of Chandigarh alongside urban theories of space, informality, and marginality. By bringing together literary representations, urban theory, and situated observations of Chandigarh’s streets, the paper demonstrates that the city’s informal occupants are not external to its spatial order but are constitutive of it.
Chandigarh, Postcolonial Urbanism, Urban Space, Informal Solidarities.
Bringing Peace through Literature: The Impact of Dara Sukoh’s Vision of Synthesizing Sufism and Bhakti Tradition on Indian Society
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">India has a tradition of producing some remarkable individuals who have contributed to the unification of society by trying to eliminate the religious polarities existing in the society. Dara Shikoh is one such personality who has dedicated his life in abridging the difference between Hindus and Muslims in India. Being the eldest son of Jahangir and Mumtaz Mahal, he carried the legacy of his grandfather, Emperor Akbar in terms of religious tolerance. His position in the Mughal court during his time is very pivotal in the sense as he was not just a royal figure but also a cultural and spiritual innovator who brought revolution in the field of translation. He was not only propounder of Sufism but also of Bhakti tradition. Mughal empire, being the most diverse empire in India as most of the rulers have embraced the culture and tradition of the majority of people living in India and individuals like Emperor Akbar and Dara Shikoh stand ahead in it. They tried to bridge the gap between Hindus and Muslims making India a plural society. Dara Shukoh’s one of the biggest achievements is his translations of Hindus religious texts like, The Upanishads, The Bhagavad Gita and the Atharva Veda from Sanskrit to Persian. In our present paper, we are trying to capture the essence of Dara Shikoh’s spiritual explorations and his translations influencing Indian society by bringing peace and strengthening mutual love between two communities.
Peace, Sufi vision, Bhakti tradition, Mughal empire, Indian society.
Andal’s Poetry: Aspiration – A Journey from Song to the Festival of Liberation
Andal, the poetess of the Tamil Vaishnava bhakti tradition, represents a unique poetic presence of women’s experience in Indian literature. Her two major works—Tiruppavai and Nachiyar Tirumoli—present devotion not merely as religious surrender but as a complex process involving desire, separation, the body, memory, dreams, and self-fashioning. From the collective female voice of Tiruppavai to the intimate and embodied “I” of Nachiyar Tirumoli, Andal’s poetry reveals multiple layers of women’s religious agency and experiential autonomy. Andal’s women are not merely devotees who perform vows; they awaken, awaken other women, approach the doors of the divine, demand entry, and ultimately determine the terms of their relationship themselves. In Nachiyar Tirumoli, this agency becomes even more intimate. There, separation is no longer merely a psychological state; it is experienced through the body—tears become streams, breasts assume the form of mountains, bangles loosen, sleep disappears, and desire makes the body its language. Archana Venkatesan has particularly highlighted the embodied structure of female desire and separation in this poetry. This study does not attempt to establish Andal as a “feminist” in the modern sense. As Chakravarti Ram-Prasad cautions, reading modern feminist sensibilities into premodern texts in an identical manner would constitute a historically presentist reading. It is more appropriate to examine how gendered experience, bodily subjectivity, and creative agency operate within these texts. When Andal’s poetry is read through this approach, it becomes evident that her spiritual autonomy is not constructed through an overt language of social rebellion; rather, it emerges through naming her own desire, acknowledging her body as a source of experience, choosing her own deity, and transforming the devotional relationship into a process of self-expression. The “we” of Tiruppavai and the “I” of Nachiyar Tirumoli ultimately construct a relational self that values the attainment of a relationship more than the attainment of an object—“We are yours alone.”
Andal, Tiruppavai, Nachiyar Tirumoli, Women’s Identity, Female Desire, Body, Separation, Creative Agency, Bodily Subjectivity, Devotional Selfhood, Tamil Bhakti.
The Politics of Tech-adoption and Artificial Intelligence in Africa
The present Tech-adoption, visible in the proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Self Service Technologies (SST) in Africa is political. This is as it involves a Tech-economic interaction that is undergirded by politics. The supply of AI/SST to Africa has opened another vista of Tech-geopolitics that could strengthen the existing African dependence and neocolonialism. This is as this AI/SST is developed to served observed needs in the Global North in most cases. Yet Africans who were not in the picture during and after the development stage are made to adopt and use these technologies. This study is dominated by Tech-adoption and development in cognisance of a people's ontological nature with a view to improve it. Is it then possible for an AI/SST system developed without cognisance to Africa to serve the purpose of Africa? Using philosophical method of analysis, this study interrogates this question, and argues that Tech-adoption in Africa is another geopolitics aimed at strengthening the existing Western hegemony in the continent.
Africa, Artificial intelligence, Tech-accessibility, Tech-adoption, Tech-geopolitics, Urban-rural proximity
Copyright (c) 2026 Gregory Emeka Chinweuba, Ezeogu, Uchenna Azubuike (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Changing Dimensions of Youth Culture and Social Transformation in the Indian Context
Youth constitute one of the most significant driving forces behind the social, cultural, and economic development of any nation. In a diverse society like India, youth culture is continuously evolving under the influence of globalization, urbanization, digitalization, information and communication technologies, social media, and emerging trends in education and employment. This research paper aims to examine the changing dimensions of youth culture and the resulting processes of social transformation in the Indian context from a sociological perspective. The study highlights that contemporary Indian youth are striving to strike a balance between traditional social values and modern lifestyles. This transition has brought about significant changes in family structures, education, employment patterns, gender equality, political participation, consumerism, and social relationships. While digital technologies, innovation, entrepreneurship, and a global outlook have created new opportunities for young people, they have also given rise to challenges such as cultural conflicts, psychological stress, unemployment, social isolation, and the erosion of moral values. The paper analyzes these transformations through the theoretical perspectives of structural-functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. It concludes that youth culture is a crucial catalyst for social transformation and emphasizes that its positive direction requires the coordinated efforts of families, educational institutions, policymakers, and society as a whole.
Youth Culture; Social Transformation; Indian Society; Globalization; Digitalization; Social Media; Sociology; Youth Development.
Asymmetry of Exchange Rate on India’s Exports and Imports
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">In this paper, author econometrically verified the asymmetric shocks of exchange rate of Rupee US Dollar on Indian exports and imports during 1970-2025 applying NARDL model. The paper revealed that exchange rate has suffered from short run asymmetry and long run symmetry when negative responses of cumulative dynamic multiplier of exchange rate of previous period is positively related with incremental export in the long run and negatively associated with both the positive and negative responses in the short run during 1970-2025. On the other hand, both the positive and negative responses of cumulative dynamic multiplier of exchange rate of previous period and current period are negatively associated with incremental import in the short run during 1970-2025 while no long run relationship was found significant and there was no asymmetry in the short run as well as in the long run. The cointegration equations in both incremental export and import are diverging away from the equilibrium.
Exchange rate, exports, imports, asymmetry, positive changes of cumulative dynamic multiplier, negative changes of cumulative dynamic multiplier
Copyright (c) 2026 Debesh Bhowmik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Marital Conflict among Couples in Deeper Life Bible Church Ketu, Nigeria and their Implications for Family Stability
There have been numerous studies on the nature of marital disputes in various countries, but none were conducted at Deeper Life Bible Church in Ketu. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the effects and management of marital conflicts of Deeper Life Christians in Ketu Local Government, Lagos, Nigeria. The research used both primary and secondary data sources. Questionnaires were distributed to one hundred and six married couples living in Kosofe Local Government, while personal interviews were conducted with some church leaders and counselors representing Orthodox and Pentecostal Churches in Kosofe Local Government. The secondary data were gathered from books, journals, magazines, newspapers, and internet resources. The study discovered that although most of the married couples experienced conflicts, they were not severe. Still, conflicts arose from various issues, including miscommunication, culture, finances, and domestic chores. The study further found out that conflicts are difficult to resolve completely, which explained why many persist for long before being resolved.
Copyright (c) 2026 Favour Uroko, Grace Ekpe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Big Brother to Big Data: revisiting Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four in the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell's fictionalised dystopia, continues to be one of the most powerful literary explorations into surveillance and authoritarianism that have ever been written. While Orwell describes a centralised totalitarian regime that functions through constant surveillance and propaganda, the twenty-first century has seen a more intricate model of digital governance, governance by algorithm, big data and Artificial Intelligence. This paper suggests that today's technological infrastructures have helped make Orwell's vision come true, rather than displace it. Today, that omniscient gaze is embodied in vast networks of government, privately owned technology giants and digital platforms that are constantly gathering, processing, and trading on personal information. Through nineteenth-century narrative techniques, new modes of speech, and a creative use of Cervantesian conceit, Orwell's novel presents a timeless approach to the ethical and political impact of artificial intelligence in the era of surveillance, algorithmic governance, and digital capitalism. The paper also explores the reshaping of the notions of truth, freedom and autonomous choice mediated by predictive algorithms, facial recognition technologies, misinformation and personalised digital ecosystems. In conclusion, Orwell's dystopian imagination provides a valuable critical lens for understanding and assessing the potential downsides and upsides of the information society now increasingly dominated by AI.
Orwell, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Digital Governance, Algorithmic Power, Surveillance, Capitalism
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinesh Panwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Blaming Women Across History for Their Persuasive Behavior: A Psychological Study
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">In our social structure, women always face suspicion, blame, punishment, and judgment from the male population. This judgment is noticeable in social, political, and interpersonal areas. Women have been blamed for their persuasive behavior, but the behavior of men is always being ignored. In this paper we have tried to challenge the fairness of this prejudice, using psychological aspect. We tried to reach out manifestations from primitive religious narratives, which include the witch hunts of early modern Europe, to contemporary legal and cultural context. We have focused on system justification theory, ambivalent sexism, attribution theory and psychoanalytic perspectives. This analytical argument claims that the reason behind blaming women for their persuasive behavior functions psychologically and it has multiple functions. It maintains existing gender hierarchies, alleviates cognitive dissonance about gender inequality, and manages unconscious anxieties about female power. The paper concludes by considering the persistent influence of these historical patterns in the modern context and their implications for women's participation in public discourse.
Blaming women, Victim blaming, gender stereotypes, persuasion, system justification, ambivalent sexism.
Women's Freedom in the Thoughts of Dayanand Saraswati: A Political Reinterpretation
Through his reinterpretation of the Vedas, Swami Dayanand Saraswati advocated the eradication of social evils, superstitions, and false beliefs. He strongly supported women's education, freedom in marriage, widow remarriage, religious rights, and active participation in society. This study critically examines the values of women's freedom embedded in Swami Dayanand Saraswati's thought from a political perspective. It argues that his ideas should be understood not only as instruments of social reform but also as a foundation for political consciousness and women's empowerment. An analysis of the principles of liberty, equality, and social responsibility reflected in his philosophy reveals that his Vedic vision offers a fresh ideological framework for understanding feminist discourse within the tradition of Indian political thought.
Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Women's Freedom, Vedic Thought, Political Reinterpretation, Women's Rights, Gender Equality, Individual Autonomy, Citizenship.
Draupadi's Silent City: Kampilya and the Poetics of Forgetting
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The village of Kampil today (Kampilya), in the Farrukhabad district of Uttar Pradesh, is removed from the mainstream of Indian culture. It is the place cited in Mahabharata as the place of Draupadi's swayamvara. According to the Jain belief it is the birthplace of 13th Tirthankara Vimalanatha. It was noted by the nineteenth century colonial surveyors as a mound that could be dug, and has been established by archaeologists that people inhabited it continuously from the Painted Grey Ware period and beyond. Kampilya, however, hardly became as integral part of the narrative that is the regular history of ancient India as did Hastinapura or Indraprastha. This paper argues that the recently provided edited collection of Kampilya: Unravelling the Essence of History, Literature and Spirit, by Shaleen Kumar Singh and Seema Gautam, should be read with epic, Jain and archaeological documents and poses the question about why this city of reference was on that much the slimmer of scholarship for so long. The argument is not "No evidence". It's that the proof still had to be spread out over disciplines and sects that scarcely read a lot of other people, and that an e-book made just to set those pieces on a single page are doing something which is incredibly useful.
Kampilya, Southern Panchala, Ayodhya, Draupadi's swayamvara, Hastinapura.
Human Rights and Social Justice in Rural India
This research paper presents a critical study of the concept of justice, its philosophical foundations, and its interrelationship with society and the state. It examines the ideas of ancient Greek philosophers—Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and other thinkers—on justice and analyzes the tradition and social dimensions of justice within the Indian context. The study argues that justice is not confined merely to legal procedures or judicial decisions; rather, it is a comprehensive concept encompassing morality, equality, human dignity, and social responsibility. It further establishes that a justice system guided by transparency, impartiality, and human values promotes social trust, peace, and inclusive development. Conversely, a power-centric and biased system of justice gives rise to social inequalities and public discontent. The paper also explores the interrelationship among justice, religion, the state, and citizens' rights, highlighting the continuing relevance of justice in a modern democratic framework. It concludes that the true essence of justice extends beyond legal formalities and lies in the establishment of a human-centered, egalitarian, and ethical society. Such a conception of justice serves as the foundation for strengthening democratic values, social harmony, and sustainable human development.
Justice; Socrates; Plato; Social Justice; Democratic Values.
Impact of Digital Software Technologies on Business Education Students Acquisition of Creative Digital Skills in Nnamdi Azkiwe University Awka, Anambra State
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This study investigated impact of digital software technologies on business education students acquisition of creative skills in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra state. Digital soft ware technologies are harnessed to strengthen student’s learning capacities towards acquisition of competent soft ware skills for intellectual and career development. This study adopted descriptive survey research design. One Research question and one hypothesis guided the study. Population of this study is 7000, which comprised 400 female students and 300 male students in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra state. Stratified random sampling techniques was used to select 80 male and 120 female staff of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra state. Instrument for data collection was a researcher was a researcher developed questionnaire titled “Impact of digital software technologies on business education students acquisition of creative skills in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra state.” With rating scale of strongly agree, agree disagree and strongly disagree. The instrument was validated by two specialists in Business Education Departments of Okija Campus Anambra state and Social Science Education, of Imo state University Owerri. Cronbach alpha statistics was used to ascertain the reliability coefficients of the study at 0.78 and 0.98, which showed that the instrument was reliable to be used in this study. A total of 200 questionnaires were administered to the respondents with the help of two research assistants, and a total of 200 questionnaires were returned non- got missed. Mean scores were used to analyze the data generated. Findings from this study revealed that some students make use of digital software technologies to acquire entrepreneurship skills to fend for their daily financial needs. The Findings from the study revealed that students acquire tutoring and digital creative learning skills to write seminars, assignments and of course projects. It was recommended in this study that government should provide adequate ICT facilities in Nnamdi Azikiwe University for effective students digital skill acquisition. <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">
Meaning of digital software learning technologies, functions of digital software learning technologies.
Doabilism: A Critical Framework to Understand Perceived Feasibility of Action
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Every decision in human life is not merely the result of external circumstances; rather, a complex psychological, ethical, and intellectual process operates behind it. Often, a person chooses a particular course of action not because it is inherently righteous or ethical, but because they feel capable of executing it. It is this very ‘doability’ that gradually begins to serve as the basis for the action’s propriety, rationale, and moral legitimacy. Thus, the sense of ‘I can do this.’ gradually transforms into the conviction that ‘I should do this.’ The present study attempts to understand this psychological and philosophical process through a theoretical framework termed Doabilism. This theory analyzes the interrelationships among the sense of capability, feasibility, self-interest, the construction of justification, and rational argumentation within the human decision-making process. It suggests that in many situations, rather than serving as the initial source of a decision, reason becomes a means to justify pre-existing inclinations. The Indian philosophical tradition, especially the Srimad Bhagavad Gita, offers an alternative ethical paradigm to this tendency. According to the Gita, the basis of action should not be power or selfishness, but svadharma, buddhiyoga, selflessness and dharmabodh. The principle of unselfish action elevates man above the tendency of self-justification arising from the accomplishment of action and orients him towards duty, self-restraint and collection of the people. In this light, ‘Doabilism’ offers a descriptive account of human decisions, whereas the Gita’s principle of Nishkama Karma (selfless action) establishes their normative direction. The dialogue between the two not only provides an opportunity to reinterpret decision-making, ethics, and action within the Indian intellectual tradition but also creates a novel conceptual foundation for contemporary literary criticism, moral philosophy, and the study of human behavior.
Doabilism, Nishkama karma, Dharmabodh, Justification, Karmayoga
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Naresh K Vats (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ESG Investment Benchmarks versus Green Energy Companies in India: A Comparative Analysis
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing and the renewable energy sector have both gained substantial momentum in India in recent years, supported by regulatory reforms, growing institutional participation, and the country's expanding clean-energy targets. While a number of studies have examined ESG investing and green energy stocks separately, few have directly compared the two as alternative sustainable-investment avenues within the same empirical framework. This study addresses that gap by comparing the performance of four major Indian ESG benchmark indices (NIFTY100 ESG, NIFTY100 Enhanced ESG, NIFTY100 ESG Sector Leaders, and BSE 100 ESG) with ten listed Indian green energy companies over the five-year period January 2021 to December 2025. Using daily closing price data, the study computes annual returns, CAGR, descriptive return statistics, Beta, Sharpe Ratio, Jensen's Alpha, simple moving averages, and Pearson correlation, and tests four hypotheses using independent-samples t-tests, Levene's test, and correlation significance tests. The results show that ESG benchmarks delivered stable, moderate returns (13.79%–15.35% annually) with low volatility (13.86%–14.05%), while green energy companies delivered substantially higher but far more dispersed returns (13.07%–77.94% annually) with volatility two to five times higher. The difference in volatility between the two groups was highly significant (Levene's test, p < 0.0001), and daily returns of most green energy companies were significantly and positively correlated with ESG benchmark returns (p < 0.0001), though differences in mean returns and Sharpe ratios between the groups were not statistically significant. The findings suggest that ESG benchmarks and green energy stocks are not substitutable investment options but instead offer complementary risk-return profiles, supporting a combined allocation strategy for sustainability-oriented investors in India.
ESG Investing; Green Energy Stocks; Sharpe Ratio; Jensen's Alpha; Risk-Adjusted Performance; Indian Capital Market
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajesh, Jyothi G. H. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study on the Detailed Analysis of the Prominent Errors Committed by the Gen Z L2 Learners at the Tertiary Level and the Use of Trinka AI for the Elimination of Its Recurrence
The paper aims at finding out the kinds of errors committed by the L2 learners in ‘writing skills’ at the tertiary level in a heterogeneous classroom. The experiment is performed at Loyola College of Arts and Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The sample population of the study amounts to sixty learners, comprising of male and female learners and fifty-nine L2 facilitators from across the country. The study presents a comparative study of the frequency of the select errors by senior and junior L2 facilitators while examining the reasons for its recurrence. The study also presents the grading of the errors based on the frequency of its occurrence. The research equally attempts to ascertain the relevance of ‘Trinka AI’ in the elimination of the recurring errors from the learner’s point of view and renders a thematic perception on excessive dependence on technology and its deleterious effect on the learners’ writing skills from the facilitator’s perspective.
L2 learners, Errors, Gen Z, Trinka AI, SLA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Christina Sagaya Mary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Textual Scholarship in the Digital Age: A Comparative Analysis of Bichitra: Online Tagore Variorum and BLEAP 1612
This article seeks to examine the interaction of institutional power, technological use and political ideology in the preservation of South Asian literature, specifically Bengali literature. A comparative analysis of the digital archive of Rabindranath Tagore’s works, Bichitra: Online Tagore Variorum, funded by the Ministry of Culture, India and supervised by a team of experts from Jadavpur University, and the manuscript digitisation and preservation project of Kazi Nazrul Islam, BLEAP 1612, funded by Arcadia is presented here. While Bichitra has emerged as a self-contained digital island to showcase the aesthetic evolution of Rabindranath Tagore’s writings, BLEAP 1612 is working to save the neglected manuscripts of the Rebel Poet from destruction in Churulia near Asansol. The differences between these two projects have been identified in the light of digital representation and archival noise theories. The main objective of this article is to bring forward the marginal and unique struggle of Kazi Nazrul Islam in the discussion of digital humanities and to establish that BLEAP 1612 is not just a simple digitisation project, but rather a very crucial post-colonial initiative to break the elitist or metropolitan-centric narrative of the history of modern Bengali literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Santanu Banerjee, Dr Manish Prasad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultural Syncretism of Central Asia and Kashmir: Eastern Maqomat and Kashmiri Sufi Poetry
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">The land of Kashmir and Uzbekistan are both rich in beauty and culture. Anybody visiting both the places is bound to find similarities which connect these two places. Kashmir, no doubt, is one of the most beautiful places in Asia but Uzbekistan is also beautiful in its own sense. Though Kashmir and Uzbekistan belong to different parts of the world and though they are geographically different from each other yet there are many similarities in terms of culture and history which is due to historical connections, especially during the famous Silk road era and the Islamic golden age. There are many similarities related to Islamic art and architecture, literature, rich culinary traditions, vibrant music and dance forms, Sufi mysticism, handicrafts like carpet weaving, clothing styles etc. The reason behind these similarities are geographical proximity and historical connections belonging to the Silk Road region. When it comes to poetry, we see that Uzbek poetry and music has influenced Kashmiri Sufi poetry to an extent because of Persian influence. The Eastern Maqomat which is called as Shashmaqam in Uzbek language has deeply influenced the Sufiana Mausiqi of Kashmir and almost all the poets are influenced by the music and Sufi tradition of Central Asia. Some prominent Kashmiri poets including Sheikh-ul-Aalam (Nund Rishi), Lal Ded, Habba Khatoon, Samas Faqir and Rasul Mir to name a few are influenced by the Central Asian tradition of Sufi Poetry. Most importantly this inspiration is still present in the contemporary Sufiyana Kalaam as well. In my paper, I will be discussing the cultural syncretism of Central Asia and Kashmir. The similarities which exist between Eastern maqamat and Kashmiri Sufi poetry as well as its influence on Kashmiri poets like Nund Rishi), Lal Ded, Habba Khatoon, Samas Faqir and Rasul Mir
Cultural syncretism, Central Asia, Kashmir, Eastern Maqomat, Kashmiri Sufi Poetry.
Wellness Literacy and Multidimensional Wellness Among Employed Mothers in Peri-Urban Areas of the Colombo District in Sri Lanka: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Employed mothers in peri-urban areas of Colombo District balance paid work, childcare, household responsibilities, and social expectations. This study measured the wellness literacy and eight dimensions of wellness of 127 working mothers in Colombo District, Sri Lanka, by a cross-sectional approach. A questionnaire was designed to measure wellness literacy, physical, psychological, social, occupational, intellectual, emotional, spiritual and environmental wellness. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlations and two-tailed independent-samples t-tests were used to analyse the data. The level of wellness literacy was moderate. Social and spiritual wellness were the highest, demonstrating the importance of beliefs, family and friends, and social supports for everyday living, with occupational and environmental wellness being the lowest. Wellness literacy was associated with all dimensions, and especially psychological and emotional wellness. Wellness literature was higher in well-educated mothers and in families with a higher income. These results suggest wellness education and family and community support at work are required.
Wellness Literacy; Employed Mothers; Peri-urban Sri Lanka; Wellness; Work-Family Balance
Copyright (c) 2026 Chandima Wadasinghe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Seismology of Theatre Publicity: Mapping the Shockwaves of Audience Engagement in Nigerian Theatre Performances
This paper explores Nigerian theater publicity from the angle of seismology by viewing every performance as an epicenter of cultural vibration and each publicity act as a tremor that travels through social space. Using Chris Nwamuo's theory of seismology of theater publicity which submits that publicity doesn't simply happen outside of a show; the study argues that publicity is an active force that shapes expectation, emotion, and communal engagement. The paper examines archival materials, digital campaigns, festival programs, and narratives from audiences and prominent Nigerian performance platforms such as NAFEST, AKSUFEST, and the Lagos International Theatre Festival -LITF. The paper adopts qualitative and interpretive research methodologies based on the hermeneutical approach. Through an in-depth examination it identifies three main dimensions of theatrical vibration which include dissemination of artistic intention by use of publicity; passing of messages through traditional and digital media as well as the consequent aftershocks that come in form of memory, discourse and continuity of the culture. The findings suggest that publicity is somewhat of a cultural ecosystem that the people, group and the media collaborate in establishing the pace of engagement. It also showed that, even though big waves of symbolic identities are produced by the National festivals, University performances make smaller yet powerful waves, and the smaller waves are caused also by the community theatres, creating micro-quakes of cultural expression every now and again. These vibrations continue even when performances are over creating an afterlife of digital echoes and communal memory. Paper concludes that publicity in Nigerian theatre should be viewed as a living and self-sustaining system, the effectiveness of which is conditional upon the continuity of ethics and its preservation as well as the integration of the aesthetics of indigenous communication with modern media technology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Lucy Michael Iseyen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Implementation of the Pedagogy of Integration in EFL Teaching in the Upper Secondary School in Burundi
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This study examined the operationalization of the approach of the Pedagogy of integration in the Upper Secondary school in Burundi. The hub of the study focused on the assessment of English Learning and Teaching activities from various schools to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Pedagogy of integration and thereby suggest alternative solutions to the issues. Basing on the principles of the Pedagogy of Integration, the study analyzed the role of remediation, groupwork and the situations of integration in the process of teaching English within an EFL environment. Being a qualitative analysis in all sides, the study examined the current textbooks—teacher’s guides and pupils’ manuals—of English from 5 largest sections of the Upper secondary school to investigate the pedagogical relation between the contents designed and the situations of integration suggested in the teachers’ guides. The study also interviewed some teachers and curriculum designers of English to obtain significant information about the importance of the Pedagogy of integration in teaching English to learners whose English is a second language. Classroom visits were also organized to get useful information to approach successfully the problem. In the end, the study noted that almost all the situations of integration have been constructed from texts taken from various writers. This practice is not beneficial for EFL learners. Situations of integration should be framed from contextualized situations based on the real-life experiences of learners and the society. The study also found out that group works contribute significantly to the development of the speaking and writing competences. Uncontrolled oral discussions held between peers while solving exercises develop considerably the speaking and writing abilities of learners in plethoric classes.
Pedagogy of integration, Upper secondary school, Post-Basic school, situation of integration, remediation, groupwork, English textbooks, Languages Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Leon Bashirahishize (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Body, Memory, and Moral Disintegration in David Szalay’s Flesh
Chinyere Oko-Jaja’s Before and After “I Do”
Chinyere Oko-Jaja’s Before and After “I Do”, ASIN: ‎ B0B52XB1BN, Publication date: ‎ June 24, 2022, Pages: 219, Kindle Edition