Integral Research (ISSN:3048-5991) (CODEN:IRABCA) serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse disciplines to come together and explore the intersections between their respective fields. From the natural sciences to the social sciences, from humanities to technology, we aim to foster dialogue and exchange of ideas that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. Our journal encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Sustainability and environmental studies Health and well-being Socio-economic development Cultural studies and diversity Technology and innovation Education and pedagogy Philosophy and ethics Arts and literature Integral Research seeks to publish high-quality original research, reviews, and theoretical perspectives that contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues facing our world today. By bringing together insights from multiple disciplines, we strive to provide innovative approaches and novel solutions to the pressing challenges of our time. We invite researchers and scholars from all backgrounds to join us on this intellectual journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us embark on a quest to integrate knowledge, transcend disciplinary boundaries, and advance the frontiers of human understanding. Journal indexing in some prominent directories and databases. GEORGIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EuroPub Directory of Academic And Scientific Journals SJIF SPI-Hub IPIndexing KindCongress Cosmos ResearchBib RJIF ROOTINDEXING Crossref
(SAFE), Society For Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) Address: 53, Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly 243112 (UP) India Email: safeindiaweb@gmail.com Website:https://safeindia.org.in/index.php/integral-research/
The Influence of Journalists’ Remuneration and Trauma on News Content in Kenya
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Salary delays for journalists across the globe are a menace that has hurt the media industry for decades. In Kenya, for example, some journalists go for up to a year without pay. The situation is so dire that, at times, they spend their nights in offices due to rent arrears at home and even contemplate suicide. This has led to increasing cases of mental ill-health among journalists, forcing some to down their tools, others to resort to brown-envelope journalism, while some female journalists engage in prostitution and other unprofessional acts<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keywords:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Patriarchy, oppression, resistance, radical feminism, male dominance, domestic labour, gender oppression, marriage. These behaviours have greatly affected the way journalists cover events and have significantly influenced the news content presented to audiences. Many studies have been conducted in this area; however, the majority of the research discusses violence, conflicts, death scenes, and protests as the main causes of mental torture and trauma among journalists, while the psychological impact of salary delays remains under-researched. This study aimed to fill that gap by assessing the extent of salary delays among journalists in Kenya, examining their effects on journalists’ mental health, and determining their impact on news content. The study used a descriptive survey research design in which an Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods approach was utilized for data collection. For the quantitative phase, 180 questionnaires were randomly distributed to journalists working for the Standard Group, Mediamax, and the Radio Africa Group. For the qualitative phase, 20 key informants drawn from media stakeholders and health experts were purposively interviewed using a Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) survey. The study was grounded in Albert Bandura’s Cognitive Social Theory, developed in the 1960s. The study found that Kenyan journalists face grave salary delays, leading to mental ill-health among those struggling to cope with the situation. Finally, the circumstances have negatively impacted news content. Therefore, newsrooms should develop stronger policies on human resources, as well as economic and health welfare, as this will enhance performance and therefore promote democracy and social justice in society.
Trauma, salary delay, depression, mental health, remuneration, news content.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
To Study the Effectiveness of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Problem Solving Abilities of Students of Science of Senior Secondary Classes
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'David',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kokila; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">Our country always has been a major seat of learning for centuries and education has ever been looked on Indian culture as a holistic effort. The NEP (<span lang="HI" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Kokila',sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: David; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: David; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">1986) <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'David',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kokila; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">was a landmark in our education system, based on a depth review of the Indian educational system. With advent, rapid expansion and use of information and communication technology in every sphere of life. To work with ICT in science teaching is also helpful up to secondary level as it helps to create a concrete focus on teaching with holistic cognitive behaviour in the teaching-learning process. Present study has investigated the impact of ICT on learning science and problem-solving ability on the achievement of students. Result shows there is no significant difference in problem solving abilities of students of science of senior secondary classes of CBSE or UP Board. There is no significant difference in the problem-solving abilities of students (Boys and Girls) of senior secondary classes of CBSE and UP Board. But there is significant difference in problem solving abilities of students of senior secondary classes teaching through traditional teaching and teaching with ICT. Therefore, ICT has major impact on learning and Research shows effectiveness of ICT in teaching-learning process of education system.
NEP (National Education Policy), ICT (Information & Communication technology), CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education), U.P. Board (Uttar-pradesh Board), Secondary classes, Achievement ability, Problem Solving Ability, Effectiveness Interdisciplinary, Traditional Teaching.
Social media has become an essential part of young people's lives in the modern digital age, exerting a profound influence on their social, academic, and personal development. This study is based on 100 postgraduate students of Das College, Badaun district, and seeks to understand how social media affects their studies, behaviour, mental health, and lifestyle. The findings show that nearly 90% of students use social media for educational purposes, and platforms such as WhatsApp, YouTube, Instagram, and ChatGPT have become important tools for them. However, many students also experience stress when they do not have access to a phone, face comparison-induced pressure, and tend to perceive virtual social media life as better than reality. About 60% of the students feel pressured after viewing others’ online lifestyles, and 80% experience anxiety when they do not have their phones. The study further reveals that while social media provides opportunities for information, networking, learning, and creative expression, it also negatively affects mental health, time management, and self-esteem. Therefore, digital literacy, awareness, and family/institutional support are essential for safe and balanced digital use.
Social Media, Higher Education, Communication, Social Relationships, Digital Pressure, Social Sites/Apps, Youth, Moral Values, Internet Crimes, Lifestyle.
Impact of the Growing Use of UPI on the Indian Economy
The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has become the largest and most convenient mode of digital payment in India. Since its launch in 2016, UPI has rapidly transformed the country from a cash-dominated economy into a digital payment–driven economy. This research paper aims to examine the direct and indirect effects of UPI on the Indian economy. The study will cover several dimensions, including economic growth, government revenue, financial inclusion, employment generation, micro and cottage industries, consumer behaviour, digital infrastructure, policy reforms, and cybersecurity.
Economic Development, Financial Inclusion, Employment Generation, Micro and Cottage Industries, Consumer Behaviour, Digital Infrastructure, QR Code, Insurance Market, Digital Payment Pillars, etc.
Indian Knowledge Tradition and Modern Society: Values, Change, and Continuity — A Sociological Reflection
The Indian knowledge tradition holds a central place among the world’s oldest and most richly developed intellectual traditions, profoundly shaping every dimension of human life—religion, philosophy, society, education, and culture. It is not confined merely to scriptures and classical texts; rather, it manifests in every practical sphere of life through ethics, duty, and the spirit of collective well-being. With the emergence of modern society, technological, economic, and social transformations have also reshaped value systems. Even in this age of materialism, the timeless values of the Indian knowledge tradition—truth, non-violence, righteousness, compassion, self-restraint, harmony, unity, service, sacrifice, knowledge, and wisdom—continue to provide ethical direction. This paper offers a sociological reflection on the foundational elements of the Indian knowledge tradition and explores how it sustains continuity while adapting to change in modern and industrial society. The study further highlights that revisiting India’s value tradition within the current social structure can offer new perspectives on issues such as social justice, environmental consciousness, and global peace. Thus, the Indian knowledge tradition is not merely a legacy of the past but a living guide for the moral reconstruction of contemporary society.
Indian Knowledge Tradition, Modern Society, Sociological Reflection, Value Transformation, Continuity, Cultural Renaissance, Ethics, Social Balance, Environmental Consciousness
The Study of Female Characters in Sudha Murty’s Dollar Bahu
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The female characters of Sudha Murthy oeuvre are not only endowed with the name of an elastic resilience, but they are also in fact, a conscious opposition to the cultural hegemony that attempts to restrain them. In my critical analysis, I enlighten on how these women are inverting normative prescriptions in their behavior, actions and heroism. They rebel through the mould of collective expectations by claiming individuality, taste, and fortitude, thus rejecting the domination of the patriarchs, domestic tutelage, injustice in the system and archaic conventions. Their daring act of nonconformity is not a simple vigilante event; it is the act itself, which enables them to create an autonomous story, which puts to pieces any suggestion that they can be nothing more than echoing echoes of others. The paper then questions how the characters of Murthy break their boundaries; how they struggle and triumph in a world dominated by men. By the stories, Murthy challenges the concept of empathy, understanding, and empowerment, and so motivates us to fight in favor of the rights and equality of women. Her writings break the norm and make the reader (at least me) reevaluate the preconceived ideas about the abilities of women in society, thus standing the so-called young, independent women as the sellers of their agency.
Morden Woman, Patriarchal, Oppression, Traditional Norms, Violence.
Food in the Indian Knowledge Tradition: A Comparative Study of Ancient and Contemporary Indian Food Practices—Changes, Impacts, Causes, and Remedies (With Special Reference to Eastern Nimar/Khandwa District)
On this entire earth, the human being is the only creature who holds the ability to direct other animals, birds, and nature according to his own thinking and wisdom. Relying on his intellectual power and physical strength, humanity has created countless histories. Using his intelligence, he developed numerous medicines to protect all living beings from physical and mental ailments. To provide comfort to all creatures, he invented machinery through scientific methods, reducing physical labor and saving time, thereby bringing life into a more convenient state. In the 21st century, we are living with many material comforts. However, day by day, individuals are becoming detached from their surroundings. Within them, problems such as insomnia, frustration, anxiety, the tendency to keep running in the race to achieve everything, the breakdown of families, the near-disappearance of joint families, bitterness in the marital lives of couples in nuclear families, single mothers, single fathers, and the shattered childhoods of innocent children are becoming widespread. Most alarming of all is the growing disorientation among the youth today.
Digital Entrepreneurship in the Age of Automation: A Systematic Review of Global and Indian Perspectives
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The entrepreneurship of the global has undergone a radical change with the advent of digital technologies and automation world. Business persons are operating in a digitalized environment where online platforms, which are automated, exist. systems and data-driven tools are getting included in innovation, scalability and competitive advantage. This paper follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to conduct a systematic review of 25 peer-reviewed articles published since 2018, examining the impact of automation on the emergence and development of digital entrepreneurship. According to the global and the Indian approaches, information about the way automation may change the business models, become more efficient and innovate is created by the review and at the same time creates new socio-economic and policy problems. The findings have indicated that automation has the capabilities of enhancing productivity and supporting entrepreneurs in making informed decisions and reach a broader market. However, several barriers continue to impede adoption, including limited digital skills, unequal access to technology, and insufficient policy support, particularly in developing economies. The paper identifies the key gaps in the study and provides directions in the future that can enable sustainability and inclusive forms of digital entrepreneurship under the accelerating automation.
Digital entrepreneurship; automation; innovation; adoption of technology; MSMEs; India.
Tasting Patriarchy: Toxic Masculinity and Female Resistance in the Great Indian Kitchen
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">In India, men and women are living within a failed system. A system that consistently fails only for one gender: women. Male domination is still everywhere, no matter how much women empowerment is spoken about. The liberation of women cannot be achieved by living in this toxic masculine system. Here, women are being controlled, sacrificed to maintain male power, and thus slowly making them disempowered. Wherever she goes, patriarchal norms follow and bind her until death. This prevents a female from expressing who she is and blocks her from who she wants to be. Every Indian household is a training ground for women to study how to sacrifice so that men can rule. Such a tale is unfolding in the Malayalam movie The Great Indian Kitchen, directed by Jeo Baby. The leading role by Nimisha Sajayan is playing the character of a newly married woman who battles the oppressive shackles of a patriarchal household every day. The evolution of this character captures the transition of a woman from a silent sufferer to a resister. This movie is a powerful example of how the whole system of patriarchy is deeply embedded in culture, religion, and normalized within the structure of the family. So, this movie clearly articulates why marriage is daunting for every girl. This paper analyses the movie The Great Indian Kitchen under the paradigm of radical feminism.
Patriarchy, oppression, resistance, radical feminism, male dominance, domestic labour, gender oppression, marriage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleena Albert, Dr. Alka Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sri Aurobindo As a Dramatist: A Critical Exploration
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Sri Aurobindo has frequently been mentioned as among the most significant modern Indian philosophers, poets, and thinkers, and he did not confine himself to poetry or philosophy, as he also entered the fields of drama. His plays combine both the elements of spirituality and the classical form binding myth, history, and philosophy together. He always represents the conflict between human restraint and Godliness. Although his plays are not often staged, there is genuine interest in the fate of humanity and development of awareness. In this paper, a close look at the dramatic output of Sri Aurobindo will be made, and the ways in which his plays reflect his vision of life and literature at large. It identifies his symbolism, blending of western and Indian cultures and his aim to create a theatre of ideas that goes beyond entertainment to create spiritual awakening.
Sri Aurobindo, Indian drama, Symbolism, Spirituality, Theatre of ideas, Cultural synthesis, Evolution of consciousness.
A Correlation Between Oriental & Occidental Mysticism: Lal Ded and William Blake
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">There have been many philosophers, sages and saints in the Oriental world since ancient times and so mostly people in the Oriental world believe “mysticism” to be confined to their world. But that is not true as the history of mysticism in the oriental world also dates back to the ancient times. Mysticism which literally means the unification with God has its root in ancient Greek also like India. Hence the unification of the human heart with the essence of the Absolute, the Divine, could never be confined to any place or religion, even era. From time to time, in different parts of the world there have been many philosophers and seers who have swept the world with their mystical approach. In our paper, we will delve into the writings of two great mystical poets from two eras and two different countries, Lad Ded or Lalleshvari and William Blake. The purpose of this research is to launch a discourse on how Mysticism as a thought and belief travelled from one world to completely another, and how it crossed the centuries to reach people of one era into another. While Lal Ded was a 14th Century Kashmiri poet, William Blake belonged to England of the Romantic Age.
Oriental & Occidental world, Mysticism Lal Ded, William Blake, Spiritualism, Literary Theory, The Romantic Age.
Examining Students’ and Teachers’ Ideologies on Medium of Instruction and Translanguaging Practices at Khwaja Yunus Ali University in Bangladesh
This​‍​‌‍​‍‌ paper aims to investigate the attitudes of students and teachers of Khwaja Yunus Ali University towards using English as a Medium of Instruction and the use of translanguaging strategies in multilingual classrooms in Bangladesh. A mixed-methods design of this study collected data from 100 students and 10 teachers through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews in five departments: English, BBA, Law, Pharmacy, and CSE. Quantitative data analysis with SPSS and qualitative thematic analysis revealed that almost all students and teachers preferred bilingual instructional strategies because, as they stated, it facilitated a better understanding of the subject matter and gave them more confidence, so that they could participate in class more effectively. Contrary to that, higher anxiety, challenges to comprehension, and reduced classroom participation were reported for English-only instruction, particularly for students with low proficiency in English. Teachers also emphasized translanguaging as an effective pedagogical strategy through which they can bridge linguistic gaps in communication as well as promote collaborative learning. The findings indicate that language policy should be dynamic. (Ibid.) It should cater for both English and Bangla, as it has also acknowledged the use of translanguaging practices and conducted teacher training in the respective areas. These materials also should be bilingual. This research is crucial for the current debate on English Medium Instruction in multicultural higher education contexts. It helps make generalizations about language that are inclusive, sensitive to context, enhance learning, and respect linguistic diversity.
English Medium Instruction (EMI), Translanguaging, Bilingual Education, Higher Education, Language Policy, Khwaja Yunus Ali University (KYAU)
Copyright (c) 2025 A. M. M Mahmudul Hasan, Md. Sumon Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Shelter, the Storm, and the Gangster: A Review of Arundhati Roy’s Memoir Mother Mary Comes to Me
The poem expresses deep admiration for nature’s beauty during autumn. The poet praises nature as the greatest artist, who fills the world with colors and charm beyond human creation. Even as leaves fall, the scene appears graceful and full of life. The changing season is seen not as loss but as part of a divine rhythm — a reminder that renewal follows decay. The poet’s heart is filled with joy, awe, and gratitude for the Creator, whose artistry transforms every element of the world into wonder. The poem celebrates nature’s harmony, beauty, and continuous cycle of life.
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">History, culture and institutions have contributed to the transformation of art education in India. It began in art education in British colonial schools where it imitated models of the British industry, rather than fostering creativity. Teachers and students, such as Abanindranath Tagore and E.B. Havell, agitated to revive local traditions, and to make art directly related to identity, which gave rise to such stuff as the Bengal School. Despite the growth of such institutions as Santiniketan or the Lalit Kala Akademi, Indian art schools continue to be stagnant, with either outdated curricula or a single-minded concern with either traditional or new. We should know how to strike the balance between technical skills, freedom to explore and cultural roots. Given that globalization and digital technology transform the ways art appears and sells, Indian art is torn between its tradition and modernity, and it is an authenticity that we need the drastic changes and a new approach.
Art education, Abanindranath Tagore, Bengal School, colonial influence, modern Indian art, Lalit Kala Akademi, curriculum reform, cultural identity, contemporary art, art marketing.
Is Bengal Truly Casteless? A Reconsideration through Namasudra Autobiographies
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Bengal has historically been considered as an exception to the practice of casteism. While other states of the country experienced caste discrimination as a part of the social fabric, Bengal has been considered as an egalitarian state. The main reason attributed to this phenomenon is the progressiveness culture of Bengal which had the bhadralok at its centre. However, this paper revisits the notion of Bengal’s castelessness. This article also looks at the broader historical context of Bengali Dalit history which closely looks at the plight of Bengal’s Dalits after the Partition of 1947. The Dalits, mostly comprising of the Namasudra community, were forced to leave their land and migrate to West Bengal. Having become refugees overnight they resorted to help from the government but were treated indifferently. However, that was not the case for the upper caste refugees who were allowed rehabilitation facilities. Eventually the government of West Bengal sent away the destitute Dalit refugees under the Dandakaranya Project to remote places away from Bengal. Dandakaranya Project ultimately led to the infamous 1979 genocide at the Marichjhapi island of Sunderban. Dalit autobiographies such as that of Manoranjan Byapari Itibritte Chandal Jiban explicitly talk about these carefully silenced dark chapters of Bengal’s history which clearly show the casteist attitude which existed in the state of Bengal. Byapari's autobiography is not just a personal story of pain and survival. It serves as a historical document that proves Bengal's progressive self-image to be false. Byapari's transformation from a refugee to author and then to legislator, shows a reclaiming of Dalit agency. It is in this context that Dalit autobiographies become important for they act as testimonios which reclaim the lost histories. They demolish the false narratives by re-examining history through Dalit perspective. And proves beyond doubt that Bengal's purported castelessness is not an absence of caste but rather an act of intellectual suppression.
Bengal, Caste, Namasudra, Dalit Testimonios, Marichjhapi, Manoranjan Byapari, Dandakaranya, Matua.
A Study in Theme and Technique in The Novels of Upamanyu Chatterjee
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This paper delves deep into the deeper dimensions of theme and techniques in the novels of Upamanyu Chatterjee, who is regarded as one of the most successful and prolific Indian authors in English today. With a solid socio-cultural and Indian basis, Chatterjee's areas of study cover a broad spectrum of topics while continuing to be strongly impacted by the rich cultural heritage of India. This section includes nationalism and spiritualism. Like Aurobindo Ghosh, he believes that nationalism is having a sincere commitment to one's country and its citizens, irrespective of their caste, gender, ethnicity, or social standing. India is a multilingual, multicultural, and multi religious country. Conflicts over religion and culture have always existed. Politicians and religious leaders who are conservative and narrow-minded have often misled the public, which has occasionally led to riots. Despite several invasions and incursions, India has maintained its growth over time. India's spirituality is its greatest asset. In every attack—internal and external—they have strengthened it. Upamanyu Chatterjee asserts that by understanding the fundamental principles of Indian culture, the malevolent forces threatening the country's peace and harmony may be defeated. The primary objective of this study effort is to explore and analyse the thematic concerns and techniques he uses in his writings. This article is a moderate attempt to understand more about his literary genius unlike previous studies that have been undertaken.
Indian English fiction, Postcolonial literature, Narrative technique, Themes and motifs, Realism and satire, Urban alienation, Postmodern narrative
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Under the scourging toll of fast life, furious and fuming stress, and seductive sedentary lifestyle, gluiness to fluorescent screens till late night, the beauty of our sleep is eroded by insomnia miserably. Sleep is one of the most important determinants of our good health-mental and physical both. Sleep deprivation or inadequate sleep has cast aspersions on our overall health system, and shaken the metabolism, hormone secretion and its functional rhythm, and giving rise to innumerable physical disorders as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular ailments, obesity, mood swings and irritability, immune and autoimmune disorders, kidney issues, dementia, depression, and even Alzheimer’s disease inter alia. Sleep is one of the most requisite and involuntary processes that charge us up to function effectively. It is a process of rest and repair and restores the senses of our body and brain. In holy scriptures, the importance of sleep is inscribed. In Ayurvedic Samhitas- Charak Samhita, and Ahtanga Hridya, the value and worth of sleep is inscribed, and is considered one of the tree tenets of life, along with diet and good conduct. Good sleep in circadian rhythm is very beneficial for life, and potent marker of healthy life. The paper is a humble attempt to spread awareness about significance of quality sleep that disparages our mental, and physical health, and our overall wellbeing, and role of medication and meditation, In the paper, we’ll discuss sleep and its mechanism, insomnia and its causes, effects, and treatment.
Sleep, health, insomnia, mental health, metabolic syndrome, and meditation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. Mirza Sibtain Beg (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Value Creation and Customers Satisfaction: Tasks of Marketing in Hotel Industries in Asaba, Delta State
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Value creation and customers satisfaction: Tasks of marketing managers in hotel industries in Asaba, Delta, State. Value Creation is a manager and directors’ strategy for realization of goals in their organizations. Value creation is pivotal for making business to sail to greater heights. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. One research question guided the study. Population of the study is 5,000 which comprised 2000 males and 3000 female staffs of Elomaz Hotel. 20 male staffs each were selected from accounting and waiters and portal departments. On the other hand, 22 female staff were selected from advertisement, cooking and cleaning departments using stratified sampling technique, which gave a total sampling size of 126. Instrument used for data collection was a researcher developed questionnaire “titled value creation and customer satisfaction: Tasks of the marketing managers in Asaba Delt State, was used with four rating scale of strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree. Instrument for data collection was validated by two specialists from department of marketing and Business Education, Madonna University Okija campus, Anambra State. Cronbach alpha statistics was used to determine the reliability coefficient of the instrument at 0.78 and 0.97, which shows that the instrument was reliable for use in this study. A total of 126 questionnaires were administered to students with the help of two research assistants, and a total of 126 questionnaires were returned non- got missed. Mean scores were used to analyze the data. The finding from this study reveals that value creation encourages customers to return to hotels they have received their kind services thus, helping hotel organizations to create business legacies thus sailing in their goodwill. It was recommended from this study that hotel directors and managers should think out better hotel management strategy to keep their hotel business functional without hitches.
Value Creation, Hotel Business, Concept of Hotel Business, Concept of value Creation.
Sarala Devi Chaudhurani: A Forgotten Personality from the Pages of History
Sarala Devi Chaudhurani stands as an exemplar of an Indian woman whose indomitable willpower, patriotism, and assertion of feminine identity left an indelible mark on history. The niece of Rabindranath Tagore and daughter of Swarnakumari Devi, Sarala Devi broke the conventions of her time, contributing significantly to education, the Swadeshi movement, and women’s empowerment. Inspired by self-reliance and a spirit of rebellion in her early life, she adopted Gandhiji’s ideals; however, her blind devotion eventually led to the disintegration of her personal and family life. Her unwavering dedication to Gandhi made her known as his “spiritual wife,” but this also overshadowed her independent identity. Both Vivekananda and Gandhi were deeply influenced by her personality, yet history did not accord her the recognition she truly deserved. The life of Sarala Devi Chaudhurani remains an inspiring saga of womanly consciousness, Swadeshi spirit, and self-respect—illustrating that the true essence of womanhood lies in balancing devotion with individuality.
Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, Mahatma Gandhi, Feminine Identity, Swadeshi Movement, Devotion and Selfhood.
Interrelationship Between Population Dynamics and Quality of Life in Azamgarh District
This study presents a geographical analysis of the relationship between population dynamics and quality of life in the Vikateshwar Tehsil of Azamgarh district. Indicators such as population growth, density, literacy, sex ratio, occupational structure, health, and housing facilities were used. For data analysis, both quantitative and cartographic methods were employed. The results reveal significant regional disparities in the quality of life across the tehsil. Areas with better access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities exhibit higher living standards, whereas the border rural regions reflect lower levels of well-being. A slight positive correlation was found between population growth, the working population, and quality of life, while an inverse relationship was observed with industrial employment. The study concludes that balanced regional development in Vikateshwar Tehsil requires the expansion of educational, healthcare, and employment facilities.
Azamgarh, Population, Cultural Background, Industrialization, Social Awareness.
Exploring the Knowledge and Attitudinal Perspectives of Regular School Teachers Toward Inclusive Education
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Inclusive education is a transformative approach that emphasizes the right of every learner, rooted in principles of equity, diversity, and social justice. This approach seeks to eliminate barriers to learning and promote meaningful participation for all diversify students within mainstream classrooms. Teachers’ knowledge of inclusive education forms the foundation for successful implementation of inclusivity in classrooms. Without adequate knowledge, teachers may feel unprepared to adapt lessons, differentiate instructions, or manage diverse classrooms effectively. Equally important are teachers’ attitude toward inclusion, which significantly influence their willingness to embrace inclusive practices. Positive attitudes foster acceptance, creativity in teaching, and collaborative problem-solving, whereas negative attitudes can create barriers to meaningful participation for students with disabilities or special needs. The present study sought to find out the present status of high school teachers’ knowledge and their attitude regarding inclusive education in regular classrooms in District Bijnor of Uttar Pradesh. This study further try to find out impact of teachers’ demographic and professional factors as age, teaching experience and professional education on their knowledge level. Researcher is also keen to seek correlation between knowledge and attitude of teachers regarding inclusion and their impact on implementation. In this study descriptive survey method has been used. 400 high school teachers have been selected through purposive sampling from 50 stratified random selected schools from all over District Bijnor. Researcher in supervisor’s guidance, developed the Teachers’ Knowledge of Inclusive Education Scale (TKIES) to collect data for knowledge of teachers regarding inclusive education. Another standardised tool Teacher Attitude Scale Towards Inclusive Education (TASTIE) developed by Vishal Sood and Arti Anand (2011) was used to collect data of attitude towards inclusive education. . Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, SD) were applied to find out status of knowledge and attitude, while independent t-tests and ANOVA examined mean differences, and Pearson’s r assessed the relationship between knowledge and attitude. Statistical analysis done with the help of SPSS 21 software. Result of the study revealed that high school teachers in Bijnor district possess an overall average level of knowledge regarding inclusive education. Younger teachers (<35 years, M = 126.52) demonstrated higher knowledge compared to those aged 35–50 years (M = 124.14) and above 50 years (M = 121.10), likely due to recent training programs that incorporate inclusive education. Higher qualifications also correlated with greater knowledge, as teachers with P.G./M.Ed. (M = 129.24) outperformed U.G./B.Ed. (M = 122.60) and P.G./B.Ed. (M = 124.23). Similarly, early-career teachers (<10 years, M = 126.12) scored higher than those with 10–20 years (M = 122.91) and >20 years (M = 124.29) of experience. Overall, teachers reported a “moderately high positive attitude” toward inclusion, and a positive correlation was observed between knowledge and attitudes.
Inclusive education, mainstream classroom, teacher’s knowledge of inclusive education, TKIES, TASTIE, attitude.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) A Green Solution for Medicine, Agriculture, and Environmental Sustainability
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is a tropical evergreen tree widely recognized for its medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications. Native to the Indian subcontinent, neem contains over 300 bioactive compounds including limonoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, and polyphenols. These compounds contribute to antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and wound-healing properties. Traditional systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha have utilized neem for centuries for skin infections, fevers, ulcers, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders. Modern pharmacology has isolated key phytochemicals such as azadirachtin, nimbolide, nimbin, and quercetin, which act via apoptosis induction, inflammatory pathway modulation, and microbial growth inhibition. Beyond healthcare, neem supports sustainable agriculture as a natural pesticide and soil enhancer. This review covers neem’s botanical traits, ethnobotanical importance, phytochemistry, pharmacology, agricultural significance, industrial applications, extraction techniques, toxicology, clinical trials, and prospects. The study bridges traditional knowledge with modern research, highlighting neem’s potential in health, environment, and industry.
Azadirachta indica, Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer,Wound Healing, Ethnobotany, Biopesticides, Sustainable Agriculture, Industrial Applications, Herbal Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Toxicology.
The Ecological Path to Self-Realisation: Atmana and Nature in Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">This paper explores the concepts of Indian philosophy and ecocriticism to analyse the portrayal of Atmana Hermann Hesse’s novel Siddhartha. It examines how Hesse connects beautiful representation of nature and the spiritual journey of Siddhartha with Indian spiritual tradition, especially the concept of Hinduism called Atmana—the essence of the self. The paper shows how Siddhartha’s observation and immersion in nature world led him to fundamental lessons of Indian philosophy about Atmana, Dharma and the path to emancipation. In the novel, Hesse uses Indian spiritual traditions to foster a deeper ecological awareness along with the portrayal of Atmana. This ecological awareness refers an individual’s connection with the nature which is linked to the knowledge of Atmana. It suggests that spiritual awakening is more than just an event; it’s a thorough understanding of oneself and the surroundings. The novel uses symbols of river, forests, and animals to show cyclic nature of life and how everything is connected. The novel shows strong connection between nature and spirituality. It combines the ideas of Indian philosophy and environmental awareness to show that Siddhartha’s journey is also inclined to ecology. The paper argues that the concept of Atmana is linked to both philosophical and ecological understanding of the world by creating a unified view of spiritual and environmental consciousness. It is a unique way to look at the novel.
Self-Realisation, Nirvana, Atmana, Nature, Enlightenment.
Trends in Net Barter Terms of Trade and Macroeconomic Indicators in India: 1980-2024
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This study examines the relationship between net barter terms of trade (TOT) and macroeconomic indicators in India over the period 1980–2024. This study uses the time-series data to examine the relationship between India’s net barter terms of trade and macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth rate, Inflation (CPI), Exchange Rate and Fiscal deficit. The study concludes that when net barter terms of trade improve GDP growth rate increases, increases investment, fiscal and external pressures are reduced. Conversely, when Net barter terms of trade deteriorate, Inflation increases, Fiscal deficit increases and currency depreciation occurs, which undermine macroeconomic stability.
Net Barter Terms of Trade, GDP Growth Rate, Inflation, Exchange Rate, and Fiscal Deficit.
Habemus Papam: The Middle Path as redemption in The Conclave
Cinema has the potential to bring narratives to life and to ensure their longevity in public memory. If art was the visual medium of memory making in the pre-cinematic days, the voluble, animated, audible medium of cinema has captured the imagination of human beings world-wide. The soft power that cinema exudes has ensured that it wields social-political-economic agency and carries the responsibility of disseminating a certain point of view. The magic of cinema is such that it can be used to tell a story from any angle and with the right techniques of narration, music, characterization, the viewers also become partisan to the stated views. The paper seeks to discuss the film The Conclave in the light of the gendered notion of religion. Released in 2024, The Conclave presents the intricacies of the Vatican as they set out to elect a new pope. The Cardinals present a cross-section of the world as we know it today, hypermasculine, conservatives jostling for space alongside vacillating moderates and ‘woke’ individuals who look for diversity and inclusivity. As war and violence rages all over the world, what sort of a voice is needed to head one of the most powerful and influential institutions in the world? The Conclave presents a resolution that is bold and visionary- it brings forth the idea of an individual who encompasses a deep understanding of humanity from living in the most troubled areas in the world but also from a lived reality. The Conclave presents a perspective that is revolutionary, healing and androgynous- much like Christ.
The Conclave, Pope, Vatican, Intersex, Woke politics, Critical Gender and Race studies
‘Better together in Shiloh’: Assessing the increasing sociological collaborative spaces among staff of universities in Nigeria
Although academia has witnessed increasing interest in collaborative spaces over the past two decades, the increasing religious and sociological collaborative spaces among staff of some universities in Nigeria have not been studied. This study examines the increasing religious and sociological collaborative spaces among staff of some universities in Nigeria by examining 20 informants from four leading universities in Nigeria, which are the University of Nigeria, Nsukka; University of Lagos; Federal University Lokoja; and Ahmadu Bello University. It was discovered that some of the reasons for the increasing collaborative spaces in Nigerian universities include the drive for better ways of research, fostering of academic and moral development, event planning, need for interdisciplinary interaction, among others. This study contributes to the collaboration space literature, and it lays specific emphasis on the university environment and offers practical implications for collaboration spaces.
Collaborative space, universities, Nigeria, open space, senior staff club.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Favour C. Uroko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring The Effectiveness of Social Media Advertising Campaigns in 21st Century Nigeria
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The global advertising industry has experienced a fundamental transformation in the 21st century, with the advent of social media platforms. Social media have revolutionised how brands and organizations communicate with consumers, shifting advertising from one-way communication to interactive, data-driven, and personalised engagements. In Nigeria, the rise of Internet penetration, mobile connectivity, and youth-driven digital culture has positioned social media advertising as a major component of marketing communication. Despite this rapid growth, questions remain regarding the actual effectiveness of social media advertising, particularly in terms of consumer engagement, behavioural influence, and long-term brand loyalty. This study explored the effectiveness of social media advertising campaigns in Nigeria, using a mixed-method approach, and grounded in Social Network Theory (SNT), Uses and Gratification theory and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). A descriptive survey was conducted with a sample of 385 respondents, determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) sample size table. Respondents were drawn from active Nigerian social media users who had been exposed to advertising campaigns across platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and analysed through both descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests and regression analysis. Findings indicate that social media advertising is highly effective in raising brand awareness, fostering interactivity, and influencing consumer purchase intentions. However, challenges such as misinformation, Internet fraud, intrusive pop-up ads, and lack of regulatory oversight were identified as barriers to effectiveness. The study concluded that social media advertising campaigns are powerful tools for Nigerian businesses, but it requires enhanced regulation, digital literacy, and adoption of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven verification tools to minimise risks. Recommendations are offered to policymakers, advertisers, and consumers to strengthen the credibility and long-term sustainability of social media advertising in Nigeria.
Advertising, Digital, Effectiveness, Exploring, Marketing, Social Media.
Brain Drain and Indian Society: A Sociological Study of Causes, Consequences, and Policy Perspectives
Brain Drain is emerging today as a serious and multidimensional challenge for Indian society and the economy. Highly educated and skilled youth—whether engineers, scientists, doctors, or experts in management and information technology—are migrating to developed countries in search of better opportunities, higher salaries, advanced research facilities, and global recognition. This process, on one hand, has resulted in a loss of human capital for India, creating gaps in fields such as research, innovation, and healthcare. On the other hand, it has brought some positive benefits in the form of remittances, global exposure, and knowledge exchange. From a sociological perspective, brain drain is not merely an economic phenomenon but is deeply linked to social structure, youth aspirations, cultural identity, and the trends of globalization. Theoretical frameworks such as the World-Systems Theory, Modernization Theory, and the Human Capital Approach help in understanding the complexities of this process. In recent years, Indian policymaking has sought to transform this challenge into an opportunity—through initiatives such as the National Education Policy 2020, the Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN), and Startup India, which aim to bring back talent or leverage their expertise within the country. This research paper presents an extensive sociological analysis of the background, causes, consequences, and policy dimensions of brain drain. The study reveals that India must, in the long term, develop a balanced strategy that simultaneously strengthens education and research opportunities within the country and transforms the potential of the Indian diaspora into “brain gain” on the global stage.
Brain Drain, Migration of Skilled Workers, Indian Society, Human Capital, Foreign Remittances, Globalization, Policy Perspective
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Prashant Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Women Empowerment and Community Development: Voices and Perspectives of Marginalised Women in Nigeria
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The study explored women empowerment and community development: voices and perspectives of marginalized women. Women’s voices are unheard in most developing societies, and this essentially affected their socio-economic, socio-political, and socio-cultural impacts on community development activities. Universally, women encounter traversing discrimination, intensifying poverty susceptibility, and restraining unemployment. 69 of 190 economies restrict women’s workforce participation while 43 economies lack workplace sexual harassment laws. SDG goal 5 which focuses on gender equality promises to put an end to the barriers endearing women’s voices and perspectives. This marginalisation can be surmounted through women empowerment programmes for sustainable living conditions, equal human rights and social justice among humans. Concepts of marginalization, empowerment, women empowerment, and community development were discussed. Moreover, the obstructions and factors facilitating women’s empowerment for community development were also conversed. Therefore, women should be reinvigorated and involved in community development committees to guarantee their voices are heard and valued.
Marginalization, Empowerment, Women Empowerment, Community Development, Voices and Perspectives of Women.