Integral Research (ISSN:3048-5991) (CODEN:IRABCA) serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse disciplines to come together and explore the intersections between their respective fields. From the natural sciences to the social sciences, from humanities to technology, we aim to foster dialogue and exchange of ideas that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. Our journal encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Sustainability and environmental studies Health and well-being Socio-economic development Cultural studies and diversity Technology and innovation Education and pedagogy Philosophy and ethics Arts and literature Integral Research seeks to publish high-quality original research, reviews, and theoretical perspectives that contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues facing our world today. By bringing together insights from multiple disciplines, we strive to provide innovative approaches and novel solutions to the pressing challenges of our time. We invite researchers and scholars from all backgrounds to join us on this intellectual journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us embark on a quest to integrate knowledge, transcend disciplinary boundaries, and advance the frontiers of human understanding. Journal indexing in some prominent directories and databases. GEORGIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EuroPub Directory of Academic And Scientific Journals SJIF SPI-Hub IPIndexing KindCongress Cosmos ResearchBib RJIF ROOTINDEXING Crossref
(SAFE), Society For Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) Address: 53, Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly 243112 (UP) India Email: safeindiaweb@gmail.com Website:https://safeindia.org.in/index.php/integral-research/
Changing Dimensions of Youth Culture and Social Transformation in the Indian Context
Youth constitute one of the most significant driving forces behind the social, cultural, and economic development of any nation. In a diverse society like India, youth culture is continuously evolving under the influence of globalization, urbanization, digitalization, information and communication technologies, social media, and emerging trends in education and employment. This research paper aims to examine the changing dimensions of youth culture and the resulting processes of social transformation in the Indian context from a sociological perspective. The study highlights that contemporary Indian youth are striving to strike a balance between traditional social values and modern lifestyles. This transition has brought about significant changes in family structures, education, employment patterns, gender equality, political participation, consumerism, and social relationships. While digital technologies, innovation, entrepreneurship, and a global outlook have created new opportunities for young people, they have also given rise to challenges such as cultural conflicts, psychological stress, unemployment, social isolation, and the erosion of moral values. The paper analyzes these transformations through the theoretical perspectives of structural-functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. It concludes that youth culture is a crucial catalyst for social transformation and emphasizes that its positive direction requires the coordinated efforts of families, educational institutions, policymakers, and society as a whole.
Youth Culture; Social Transformation; Indian Society; Globalization; Digitalization; Social Media; Sociology; Youth Development.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Blaming Women Across History for Their Persuasive Behavior: A Psychological Study
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">In our social structure, women always face suspicion, blame, punishment, and judgment from the male population. This judgment is noticeable in social, political, and interpersonal areas. Women have been blamed for their persuasive behavior, but the behavior of men is always being ignored. In this paper we have tried to challenge the fairness of this prejudice, using psychological aspect. We tried to reach out manifestations from primitive religious narratives, which include the witch hunts of early modern Europe, to contemporary legal and cultural context. We have focused on system justification theory, ambivalent sexism, attribution theory and psychoanalytic perspectives. This analytical argument claims that the reason behind blaming women for their persuasive behavior functions psychologically and it has multiple functions. It maintains existing gender hierarchies, alleviates cognitive dissonance about gender inequality, and manages unconscious anxieties about female power. The paper concludes by considering the persistent influence of these historical patterns in the modern context and their implications for women's participation in public discourse.
Blaming women, Victim blaming, gender stereotypes, persuasion, system justification, ambivalent sexism.
Women's Freedom in the Thoughts of Dayanand Saraswati: A Political Reinterpretation
Through his reinterpretation of the Vedas, Swami Dayanand Saraswati advocated the eradication of social evils, superstitions, and false beliefs. He strongly supported women's education, freedom in marriage, widow remarriage, religious rights, and active participation in society. This study critically examines the values of women's freedom embedded in Swami Dayanand Saraswati's thought from a political perspective. It argues that his ideas should be understood not only as instruments of social reform but also as a foundation for political consciousness and women's empowerment. An analysis of the principles of liberty, equality, and social responsibility reflected in his philosophy reveals that his Vedic vision offers a fresh ideological framework for understanding feminist discourse within the tradition of Indian political thought.
Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Women's Freedom, Vedic Thought, Political Reinterpretation, Women's Rights, Gender Equality, Individual Autonomy, Citizenship.
Draupadi's Silent City: Kampilya and the Poetics of Forgetting
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The village of Kampil today (Kampilya), in the Farrukhabad district of Uttar Pradesh, is removed from the mainstream of Indian culture. It is the place cited in Mahabharata as the place of Draupadi's swayamvara. According to the Jain belief it is the birthplace of 13th Tirthankara Vimalanatha. It was noted by the nineteenth century colonial surveyors as a mound that could be dug, and has been established by archaeologists that people inhabited it continuously from the Painted Grey Ware period and beyond. Kampilya, however, hardly became as integral part of the narrative that is the regular history of ancient India as did Hastinapura or Indraprastha. This paper argues that the recently provided edited collection of Kampilya: Unravelling the Essence of History, Literature and Spirit, by Shaleen Kumar Singh and Seema Gautam, should be read with epic, Jain and archaeological documents and poses the question about why this city of reference was on that much the slimmer of scholarship for so long. The argument is not "No evidence". It's that the proof still had to be spread out over disciplines and sects that scarcely read a lot of other people, and that an e-book made just to set those pieces on a single page are doing something which is incredibly useful.
Kampilya, Southern Panchala, Ayodhya, Draupadi's swayamvara, Hastinapura.
Human Rights and Social Justice in Rural India
This research paper presents a critical study of the concept of justice, its philosophical foundations, and its interrelationship with society and the state. It examines the ideas of ancient Greek philosophers—Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and other thinkers—on justice and analyzes the tradition and social dimensions of justice within the Indian context. The study argues that justice is not confined merely to legal procedures or judicial decisions; rather, it is a comprehensive concept encompassing morality, equality, human dignity, and social responsibility. It further establishes that a justice system guided by transparency, impartiality, and human values promotes social trust, peace, and inclusive development. Conversely, a power-centric and biased system of justice gives rise to social inequalities and public discontent. The paper also explores the interrelationship among justice, religion, the state, and citizens' rights, highlighting the continuing relevance of justice in a modern democratic framework. It concludes that the true essence of justice extends beyond legal formalities and lies in the establishment of a human-centered, egalitarian, and ethical society. Such a conception of justice serves as the foundation for strengthening democratic values, social harmony, and sustainable human development.
Justice; Socrates; Plato; Social Justice; Democratic Values.
Impact of Digital Software Technologies on Business Education Students Acquisition of Creative Digital Skills in Nnamdi Azkiwe University Awka, Anambra State
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This study investigated impact of digital software technologies on business education students acquisition of creative skills in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra state. Digital soft ware technologies are harnessed to strengthen student’s learning capacities towards acquisition of competent soft ware skills for intellectual and career development. This study adopted descriptive survey research design. One Research question and one hypothesis guided the study. Population of this study is 7000, which comprised 400 female students and 300 male students in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra state. Stratified random sampling techniques was used to select 80 male and 120 female staff of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra state. Instrument for data collection was a researcher was a researcher developed questionnaire titled “Impact of digital software technologies on business education students acquisition of creative skills in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra state.” With rating scale of strongly agree, agree disagree and strongly disagree. The instrument was validated by two specialists in Business Education Departments of Okija Campus Anambra state and Social Science Education, of Imo state University Owerri. Cronbach alpha statistics was used to ascertain the reliability coefficients of the study at 0.78 and 0.98, which showed that the instrument was reliable to be used in this study. A total of 200 questionnaires were administered to the respondents with the help of two research assistants, and a total of 200 questionnaires were returned non- got missed. Mean scores were used to analyze the data generated. Findings from this study revealed that some students make use of digital software technologies to acquire entrepreneurship skills to fend for their daily financial needs. The Findings from the study revealed that students acquire tutoring and digital creative learning skills to write seminars, assignments and of course projects. It was recommended in this study that government should provide adequate ICT facilities in Nnamdi Azikiwe University for effective students digital skill acquisition. <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">
Meaning of digital software learning technologies, functions of digital software learning technologies.
Doabilism: A Critical Framework to Understand Perceived Feasibility of Action
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Every decision in human life is not merely the result of external circumstances; rather, a complex psychological, ethical, and intellectual process operates behind it. Often, a person chooses a particular course of action not because it is inherently righteous or ethical, but because they feel capable of executing it. It is this very ‘doability’ that gradually begins to serve as the basis for the action’s propriety, rationale, and moral legitimacy. Thus, the sense of ‘I can do this.’ gradually transforms into the conviction that ‘I should do this.’ The present study attempts to understand this psychological and philosophical process through a theoretical framework termed Doabilism. This theory analyzes the interrelationships among the sense of capability, feasibility, self-interest, the construction of justification, and rational argumentation within the human decision-making process. It suggests that in many situations, rather than serving as the initial source of a decision, reason becomes a means to justify pre-existing inclinations. The Indian philosophical tradition, especially the Srimad Bhagavad Gita, offers an alternative ethical paradigm to this tendency. According to the Gita, the basis of action should not be power or selfishness, but svadharma, buddhiyoga, selflessness and dharmabodh. The principle of unselfish action elevates man above the tendency of self-justification arising from the accomplishment of action and orients him towards duty, self-restraint and collection of the people. In this light, ‘Doabilism’ offers a descriptive account of human decisions, whereas the Gita’s principle of Nishkama Karma (selfless action) establishes their normative direction. The dialogue between the two not only provides an opportunity to reinterpret decision-making, ethics, and action within the Indian intellectual tradition but also creates a novel conceptual foundation for contemporary literary criticism, moral philosophy, and the study of human behavior.
Doabilism, Nishkama karma, Dharmabodh, Justification, Karmayoga
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Naresh K Vats (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ESG Investment Benchmarks versus Green Energy Companies in India: A Comparative Analysis
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing and the renewable energy sector have both gained substantial momentum in India in recent years, supported by regulatory reforms, growing institutional participation, and the country's expanding clean-energy targets. While a number of studies have examined ESG investing and green energy stocks separately, few have directly compared the two as alternative sustainable-investment avenues within the same empirical framework. This study addresses that gap by comparing the performance of four major Indian ESG benchmark indices (NIFTY100 ESG, NIFTY100 Enhanced ESG, NIFTY100 ESG Sector Leaders, and BSE 100 ESG) with ten listed Indian green energy companies over the five-year period January 2021 to December 2025. Using daily closing price data, the study computes annual returns, CAGR, descriptive return statistics, Beta, Sharpe Ratio, Jensen's Alpha, simple moving averages, and Pearson correlation, and tests four hypotheses using independent-samples t-tests, Levene's test, and correlation significance tests. The results show that ESG benchmarks delivered stable, moderate returns (13.79%–15.35% annually) with low volatility (13.86%–14.05%), while green energy companies delivered substantially higher but far more dispersed returns (13.07%–77.94% annually) with volatility two to five times higher. The difference in volatility between the two groups was highly significant (Levene's test, p < 0.0001), and daily returns of most green energy companies were significantly and positively correlated with ESG benchmark returns (p < 0.0001), though differences in mean returns and Sharpe ratios between the groups were not statistically significant. The findings suggest that ESG benchmarks and green energy stocks are not substitutable investment options but instead offer complementary risk-return profiles, supporting a combined allocation strategy for sustainability-oriented investors in India.
ESG Investing; Green Energy Stocks; Sharpe Ratio; Jensen's Alpha; Risk-Adjusted Performance; Indian Capital Market
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajesh, Jyothi G. H. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study on the Detailed Analysis of the Prominent Errors Committed by the Gen Z L2 Learners at the Tertiary Level and the Use of Trinka AI for the Elimination of Its Recurrence
The paper aims at finding out the kinds of errors committed by the L2 learners in ‘writing skills’ at the tertiary level in a heterogeneous classroom. The experiment is performed at Loyola College of Arts and Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The sample population of the study amounts to sixty learners, comprising of male and female learners and fifty-nine L2 facilitators from across the country. The study presents a comparative study of the frequency of the select errors by senior and junior L2 facilitators while examining the reasons for its recurrence. The study also presents the grading of the errors based on the frequency of its occurrence. The research equally attempts to ascertain the relevance of ‘Trinka AI’ in the elimination of the recurring errors from the learner’s point of view and renders a thematic perception on excessive dependence on technology and its deleterious effect on the learners’ writing skills from the facilitator’s perspective.
L2 learners, Errors, Gen Z, Trinka AI, SLA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Christina Sagaya Mary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Textual Scholarship in the Digital Age: A Comparative Analysis of Bichitra: Online Tagore Variorum and BLEAP 1612
This article seeks to examine the interaction of institutional power, technological use and political ideology in the preservation of South Asian literature, specifically Bengali literature. A comparative analysis of the digital archive of Rabindranath Tagore’s works, Bichitra: Online Tagore Variorum, funded by the Ministry of Culture, India and supervised by a team of experts from Jadavpur University, and the manuscript digitisation and preservation project of Kazi Nazrul Islam, BLEAP 1612, funded by Arcadia is presented here. While Bichitra has emerged as a self-contained digital island to showcase the aesthetic evolution of Rabindranath Tagore’s writings, BLEAP 1612 is working to save the neglected manuscripts of the Rebel Poet from destruction in Churulia near Asansol. The differences between these two projects have been identified in the light of digital representation and archival noise theories. The main objective of this article is to bring forward the marginal and unique struggle of Kazi Nazrul Islam in the discussion of digital humanities and to establish that BLEAP 1612 is not just a simple digitisation project, but rather a very crucial post-colonial initiative to break the elitist or metropolitan-centric narrative of the history of modern Bengali literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Santanu Banerjee, Dr Manish Prasad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultural Syncretism of Central Asia and Kashmir: Eastern Maqomat and Kashmiri Sufi Poetry
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">The land of Kashmir and Uzbekistan are both rich in beauty and culture. Anybody visiting both the places is bound to find similarities which connect these two places. Kashmir, no doubt, is one of the most beautiful places in Asia but Uzbekistan is also beautiful in its own sense. Though Kashmir and Uzbekistan belong to different parts of the world and though they are geographically different from each other yet there are many similarities in terms of culture and history which is due to historical connections, especially during the famous Silk road era and the Islamic golden age. There are many similarities related to Islamic art and architecture, literature, rich culinary traditions, vibrant music and dance forms, Sufi mysticism, handicrafts like carpet weaving, clothing styles etc. The reason behind these similarities are geographical proximity and historical connections belonging to the Silk Road region. When it comes to poetry, we see that Uzbek poetry and music has influenced Kashmiri Sufi poetry to an extent because of Persian influence. The Eastern Maqomat which is called as Shashmaqam in Uzbek language has deeply influenced the Sufiana Mausiqi of Kashmir and almost all the poets are influenced by the music and Sufi tradition of Central Asia. Some prominent Kashmiri poets including Sheikh-ul-Aalam (Nund Rishi), Lal Ded, Habba Khatoon, Samas Faqir and Rasul Mir to name a few are influenced by the Central Asian tradition of Sufi Poetry. Most importantly this inspiration is still present in the contemporary Sufiyana Kalaam as well. In my paper, I will be discussing the cultural syncretism of Central Asia and Kashmir. The similarities which exist between Eastern maqamat and Kashmiri Sufi poetry as well as its influence on Kashmiri poets like Nund Rishi), Lal Ded, Habba Khatoon, Samas Faqir and Rasul Mir
Cultural syncretism, Central Asia, Kashmir, Eastern Maqomat, Kashmiri Sufi Poetry.
Wellness Literacy and Multidimensional Wellness Among Employed Mothers in Peri-Urban Areas of the Colombo District in Sri Lanka: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Employed mothers in peri-urban areas of Colombo District balance paid work, childcare, household responsibilities, and social expectations. This study measured the wellness literacy and eight dimensions of wellness of 127 working mothers in Colombo District, Sri Lanka, by a cross-sectional approach. A questionnaire was designed to measure wellness literacy, physical, psychological, social, occupational, intellectual, emotional, spiritual and environmental wellness. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlations and two-tailed independent-samples t-tests were used to analyse the data. The level of wellness literacy was moderate. Social and spiritual wellness were the highest, demonstrating the importance of beliefs, family and friends, and social supports for everyday living, with occupational and environmental wellness being the lowest. Wellness literacy was associated with all dimensions, and especially psychological and emotional wellness. Wellness literature was higher in well-educated mothers and in families with a higher income. These results suggest wellness education and family and community support at work are required.
Wellness Literacy; Employed Mothers; Peri-urban Sri Lanka; Wellness; Work-Family Balance
Copyright (c) 2026 Chandima Wadasinghe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Seismology of Theatre Publicity: Mapping the Shockwaves of Audience Engagement in Nigerian Theatre Performances
This paper explores Nigerian theater publicity from the angle of seismology by viewing every performance as an epicenter of cultural vibration and each publicity act as a tremor that travels through social space. Using Chris Nwamuo's theory of seismology of theater publicity which submits that publicity doesn't simply happen outside of a show; the study argues that publicity is an active force that shapes expectation, emotion, and communal engagement. The paper examines archival materials, digital campaigns, festival programs, and narratives from audiences and prominent Nigerian performance platforms such as NAFEST, AKSUFEST, and the Lagos International Theatre Festival -LITF. The paper adopts qualitative and interpretive research methodologies based on the hermeneutical approach. Through an in-depth examination it identifies three main dimensions of theatrical vibration which include dissemination of artistic intention by use of publicity; passing of messages through traditional and digital media as well as the consequent aftershocks that come in form of memory, discourse and continuity of the culture. The findings suggest that publicity is somewhat of a cultural ecosystem that the people, group and the media collaborate in establishing the pace of engagement. It also showed that, even though big waves of symbolic identities are produced by the National festivals, University performances make smaller yet powerful waves, and the smaller waves are caused also by the community theatres, creating micro-quakes of cultural expression every now and again. These vibrations continue even when performances are over creating an afterlife of digital echoes and communal memory. Paper concludes that publicity in Nigerian theatre should be viewed as a living and self-sustaining system, the effectiveness of which is conditional upon the continuity of ethics and its preservation as well as the integration of the aesthetics of indigenous communication with modern media technology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Lucy Michael Iseyen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Implementation of the Pedagogy of Integration in EFL Teaching in the Upper Secondary School in Burundi
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This study examined the operationalization of the approach of the Pedagogy of integration in the Upper Secondary school in Burundi. The hub of the study focused on the assessment of English Learning and Teaching activities from various schools to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Pedagogy of integration and thereby suggest alternative solutions to the issues. Basing on the principles of the Pedagogy of Integration, the study analyzed the role of remediation, groupwork and the situations of integration in the process of teaching English within an EFL environment. Being a qualitative analysis in all sides, the study examined the current textbooks—teacher’s guides and pupils’ manuals—of English from 5 largest sections of the Upper secondary school to investigate the pedagogical relation between the contents designed and the situations of integration suggested in the teachers’ guides. The study also interviewed some teachers and curriculum designers of English to obtain significant information about the importance of the Pedagogy of integration in teaching English to learners whose English is a second language. Classroom visits were also organized to get useful information to approach successfully the problem. In the end, the study noted that almost all the situations of integration have been constructed from texts taken from various writers. This practice is not beneficial for EFL learners. Situations of integration should be framed from contextualized situations based on the real-life experiences of learners and the society. The study also found out that group works contribute significantly to the development of the speaking and writing competences. Uncontrolled oral discussions held between peers while solving exercises develop considerably the speaking and writing abilities of learners in plethoric classes.
Pedagogy of integration, Upper secondary school, Post-Basic school, situation of integration, remediation, groupwork, English textbooks, Languages Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Leon Bashirahishize (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Body, Memory, and Moral Disintegration in David Szalay’s Flesh
Chinyere Oko-Jaja’s Before and After “I Do”
Chinyere Oko-Jaja’s Before and After “I Do”, ASIN: ‎ B0B52XB1BN, Publication date: ‎ June 24, 2022, Pages: 219, Kindle Edition
Female Labour Force Participation Rate and Its Determinants in Post-Liberalization India
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The under participation of women in the labour force in the post-liberalisation period constitutes some of the most puzzling and debated paradoxes in development economics of India. Although India’s economic growth, increasing education levels among women and declining fertility rate are strong indicators, there has been a steady and significant reduction in the participation of women in the labour market since the 1990s. In this paper the trends in FLFPR in the rural and urban sectors have been studied against the background of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data between 1993-94 and the current period. It identifies and discusses factors that play crucial roles in shaping FLFPR such as education, household income, fertility, social norms, urbanisation and policy interventions by the government. Using a review-based framework of analysis with two theoretical concepts of the Goldin U-shaped curve and the income effect theorem, it concludes that explanation of the drop in FLFPR should not be limited to one phenomena but should be based on many factors, acting together. Policy recommendations for turning the tide and encouraging inclusive economic growth based on an increased women's participation in the Indian labour force industry are included at the end of the paper<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
Female Labour Force Participation Rate, post-liberalisation India, NSSO, PLFS, gender and labour economics, U-shaped hypothesis, women's empowerment.
Thin Film Photovoltaics: Toward High Efficiency and Low-Cost Solar Cells
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The potential of thin film photovoltaics as a game changing technology in the quest for sustainable and affordable solar energy has become evident. Recent developments in low-cost and high efficiency thin film materials including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and perovskites for high power conversion efficiency is also investigated. The study explores new innovations related to deposition technique, interface engineering and tandem cell architectures to improve the absorption of light, carrier mobility and device stability. The focus is given to scalability of manufacturing processes and environmentally friendly and sustainable material substitutions to address environmental and resource issues. Comparative performance analysis shows upgrades to the conventional silicon-based solar cells, especially in terms of flexibility and cost. The results further highlight the need for ongoing material optimization and manufacturing integration for thin film photovoltaics to become a major enabler for the global energy transition and scale up of next generation PV technologies.
Thin Film Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Efficiency, Cost-Effective Solar Energy, Semiconductor Materials, Device Architecture Optimization, Sustainable Energy Technology.
Contribution And Importance of Legal Education in Women Empowerment and Transforming Indian Society
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Legal education plays vital role in the cause of empowerment of women yet women were deprived of it and continue to lack it; it imparts the knowledge and tools to elevate women's rights, and ensures gender equality. Legal education ought to be a part of the lives of women, in order to build confidence, social mobility and a sense of justice in them. Women have historically been left as marginalised groups, facing large social, cultural and economic barriers, not having access to resources and opportunities. These chains can be broken by using the legal education and disseminating information on the legal rights and obligations of women. Women are still discriminated in such matters as inheritance, property rights, marriage and divorce. Legal education provides knowledge and tools to resist injustice – the possibilities to empower women to resist oppression by speaking for themselves and their communities. The importance of legal education in promoting the awareness of women rights, financial independence for women and to reach out the elimination of gender based violence. Those who have legal expertise are more likely to know how to counteract discriminatory practices and to request assistance in cases, e.g., of domestic violence. Legal education also contributes to economic independence: women are empowered with knowledge about employment contracts, wage equality, inheritance laws and entrepreneurship. This gives women the authority to ask for fair pay and access to development and resources and helps them to grow and improve their economies. Legal education also provides an impactful contribution in reducing gender-based violence. Fear, lack of knowledge about justice systems, or lack of knowledge about the law stop many women from leaving abusive relationships. Legal education enables the spotting of abuse and mechanisms for getting rid of it. To minimize violence against women, a legal framework which recognizes the experiences of women and offers protection is needed. Legal education is also raising awareness on prevention, with a culture of respect, consent and equality<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Education also helps to promote political participation, supporting women's participation in politics, and advancements in the law. By understanding the legal aspects of a constitution, civil rights, and governance, women will be able to promote the movement to change policies that directly affect the community that they live in. Whenever they involve themselves in politics, they can make positive changes in the world and help break down the patriarchal structure – of society. In addition to learning the law, another aspect of legal education is to develop confidence and self-advocacy. Women who know their rights are more likely to take their own decisions and make their own choices—and assert their rights in situations of dispute, such as a job, marriage, land, etc., which, in turn, will contribute to their sense of self-worth. When women stand up for themselves in court, they are further perpetuating the narrative that women are entitled to be treated respectfully and have a right to seek justice. Initiatives that provide free legal workshops, online courses, community outreach programs, and legal aid services can significantly bridge the gap. Collaboration with local organizations and governments can ensure that legal literacy reaches the most marginalized women. Educating women about their legal rights and responsibilities has the potential to change entire communities and create a ripple effect of empowerment.
Tourism Industry, Tourism Development, Women Empowerment.
Women's Participation in the Tourism Industry: Challenges and Opportunities in Gorakhpur District
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">The tourism industry is important for the economy and culture of a place. It helps create jobs and makes local customs and ways of life stronger. More women are getting involved in tourism as it grows in India. They still do not have a big say and face a lot of problems. Gorakhpur district is a place for tourism. However, women do not play a role in developing the tourism industry there. This research paper wants to look at what women do in the tourism industry in Gorakhpur district. It will study how women help the economy and society what kind of jobs and business opportunities are available to them and what kinds of economic and institutional problems they must deal with. The tourism industry and women in it are very important to this research. Women, in the tourism industry face challenges and the research paper will try to understand these challenges<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
Determinants of the Impact of Strategic Managers Skills on Large Scale Business's Performance: A Study of Best Aluminum Manufacturing Company Ltd Onitsha, Anambra state
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This paper determined the impact of strategic managers skills on organizational performance: A study of Best Aluminum Manufacturing Company Ltd Onitsha, Anambra state. Strategic managers are managers that occupy the apex leadership positions of both medium and large-scale businesses in the world of business. They are the policy making bodies of corporate organizations. They manage complexities in a business; ensure fund acquisition, allocation and investment decision. In large scale businesses, they determine dividends that should be paid to shareholders. One research question and one hypothesis guided this study. Descriptive research survey design was employed in this study. Instrument for data collection was a researcher developed instrument titled “Determinants of the impact of strategic managers skills on organizational performance: A study of Best Aluminum Manufacturing Company Ltd Onitsha, Anambra state” with four rating scales of strongly agree, agree and strongly disagree. The process for validation of the instrument was carried out by two specialists in the department of Business Education and Business Administration departments of Madonna University, Okija Campus, Anambra state. Conbach alpha statistics was used to determine the reliability coefficient of the instrument at 0.78 and 0.80, which showed that the instrument was reliable to be used in this study. A total of 106 questionnaires were administered to respondents, and a total of 106 questionnaires were returned and used in the analysis of the study. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data collected; Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to test the hypothesis. The findings from the study revealed that strategic managers are outstandingly waging wars against failures of most corporate businesses in competitive business environments. It was recommended in this study that business organizations should employ the services of strategic managers in their businesses. This would prevent their businesses from crunching into sudden failures due to non-existing standard services of strategic managers in their businesses<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
History of Business, Manors and Stewards in ancient Businesses, Modern Businesses in the World, Strategic Managers.
English in the Nepalese Education System: Socio-Cultural Perspectives
Knowledge of the English language was and empirically speaking, is still considered a mark of social status and it represents power and class. A blend of upper class ideology and elitist values forms the basic structure of the English language teaching in Nepal. Indeed English has never left the domain of Education. The Nepalese learners went to learn English outside the country. They also got opportunities to learn inside the country since the early 1940s. English has always enjoyed a place of importance and those who were conversant in the language, were regarded as being educated. In fact, the functions of the English language and the state ideologies have been like hands in glove , to identify the way language education and culture are related subjects. We have to explore and also critically examine the fact that the teaching of literature has occupied the position of centrality in the English language education. This research study has been based on document analysis and is supported by classroom observations and an interview. It seems that a woman does not have soul. She becomes cold to the patriarchal network of injustice. Even though she does not want to give birth, she gives birth to her child. But she resists the maternity by not caring her children. All kinds of act of women are for the resistance of the male dominated society and culture. Its findings have been distributed at different sections of the study. Therefore, this study blends history, social reality and vision of English language teaching in Nepal.
Education, Women, Change, Society, Behavior
Copyright (c) 2026 Prakash Qattari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Ecocritical Understanding in the Selected Stories of Ruskin Bond
Ecocriticism tends to investigate the relationship between literature and the environment. All living organisms, like plants, animals, and humans, are directly or indirectly dependent on nature for their growth and survival. Over the years, numerous works have addressed environmental sustainability. However, with the rise of ecocriticism, there has been a paradigm shift in the way readers and scholars interpret texts. Ecocriticism is the area of literary criticism that explores ecological issues in literary and cultural studies. In this regard, the works of contemporary author Ruskin Bond are especially noteworthy; he is a sincere lover of the natural world. Nature is a major theme in the majority of his works. The present paper will examine Ruskin Bond’s two stories, “Death of the Trees” and “The Leopard” from an ecocritical perspective.
Ecocritical study, destruction, ecosystem, environmental sustainability, ecology
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ram Prakash Gupt, Nasmeen Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Using Short Poems and Drama to Help Teenagers Talk About Feelings in The Classroom: The Annunciation High School Ikere Experience
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Most teachers of poetry in our secondary school still use the non participatory, lecture method of the teacher heaping his knowledge on the students which bores and make them loose interest in the subject being taught. This study uses two short poems “Of Days and Moments” and “Sometimes” as case study to demonstrate that students can concentrate to understand what is being taught, feel the mood and freely express themselves. The study which was carried out at The Annunciation High School Ikere, Nigeria, with 18 J.S.S.3 students aged 13–14 was hinged on Geraldine Siks’ process-concept structural approach to drama which advocates that students should identify, react, make up, manage, exchange a few words, and appraise what is being taught. It is supported by the Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura which states that people learn by paying attention, remembering, copying, and being motivated. The experiment last for two weeks where students read the poems, discussed them, and turned them into short drama scenes with clapping, movement, and chorus. The data for the study was derived from classroom observation and a Focused Group Discussion. The findings showed three results. Firstly, attention went up. The repeated lines in “Of Days and Moments” worked like a drumbeat and pulled students in. This changed ‘voluntary attention’ to ‘involuntary attention’. Secondly, understanding of feelings improved. Students said “Sometimes” showed how mood changes fast from ‘high spirit’s cloak’ to ‘painful thoughts, red-embers-drenched’. Acting the change with body movements helped them feel it. Third, talking increased as shy students joined the chorus because ‘the speech handicapped may recite without embarrassment since he is not speaking alone’. After chorus work, 16 of 18 students shared personal examples of mood swings. The study shows teachers do not need long poems or big budgets. Short poems about real life, plus drama, teach language, emotions, and confidence. This fits schools with few books. It also fits teenagers who live in ‘days and moments’ and ‘sometimes’ feelings. The study recommends that teachers should be trained in the use of dramatic methods in teaching. Again, long poems should be replaced with short poems in the school curriculum for easy understanding and application of learned lessons by the students in their daily lives.
Poetry, Pedagogy, Drama in Education, Emotions, Short Poems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emmanuel O. Iroh, Olubunmi Christianah, Adaramola, E. Olubunmi, Iyanuoluwa Olaniyi, Ajayi Oreoluwa Adeboye, Femi Elijah Olubodun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial Narratives in Motion: How Set Design Shapes the Interpretation of Choreography in Segun Adefila’s Mi o Ni Choice
Space is never neutral in performance; it acts as a living agent that shapes meaning, identity, and agency. This study explores the dynamic relationship between set design and choreography in Segun Adefila’s Mi o Ni Choice, positioning the work within African contemporary dance and global performance scholarship. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space, the research argues that scenography functions as a narrative partner rather than a passive backdrop, actively framing choreography as a negotiation of freedom, constraint, and cultural identity. Through detailed analysis of architectural structures, props, spatial orientation, and collective movement, the study reveals how dancers embody and resist spatial conditions, transforming the stage into a metaphorical space of socio-political negotiation. Audience interpretation emerges through autopoietic feedback loops, where space, body, and spectators co-create meaning that resonates with communal memory and lived realities. By embedding cultural specificity into spatial dramaturgy, Adefila’s work challenges Eurocentric paradigms and demonstrates how African choreographers innovate within their own aesthetic traditions while contributing to global discourses. Ultimately, this paper affirms that set design in Mi o Ni Choice is central to meaning-making, enriching performance studies with vital insights into how space operates as both a cultural repository and a form of political commentary.
Spatial Narratives, Mi o Ni Choice, Set Design, Choreography, African Contemporary Dance, Cultural Memory, Scenography, Segun Adefila
Copyright (c) 2026 Olúsànyà David Aye̩ni, Solomon Ayoola Popoola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Social Innovation in Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods Among Marginalized Communities in sub-Saharan Africa: A Review
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This review takes a closer look at how social innovation can help create sustainable livelihoods for marginalized communities in sub-Saharan Africa. It brings together existing research to delve into how fresh approaches like new organizational structures, practices, and solutions tackle the tough challenges that these communities face in achieving livelihood sustainability. The review highlights important areas where social innovation has made a real difference, such as improving access to resources, developing skills, creating market connections, and building resilience. Additionally, it examines the factors that enable or hinder the success and growth of social innovations in this setting. Ultimately, this review seeks to offer a thorough understanding of how social innovation plays a role in fostering more resilient and sustainable livelihoods for marginalized groups in sub-Saharan Africa, while also pointing out possible directions for future research and interventions<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
Social Innovation, Sustainable Livelihoods, Marginalized Communities, Sub-Saharan Africa, Resilient
Copyright (c) 2026 Halidu Imurana, Prof. Anoop Kumar Bhartiya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Indigenous Crafts and Costume Design: An Exploration of Raffia Products of Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State
Costume design is one of the most essential components in any artistic performances, but it is sad to observe that many costume design products used in Nigeria rely on are foreign products for end products that can be achieved with indigenous crafts from locally sourced raw materials. The importance of locally sourced products in the indigenous crafts is at the very foundation of the reason why the dependence of foreign costume design for artistic performances should be discouraged in order to pave way for the utilization of local crafts in designing costumes for theatrical performances. This paper is positioned to establish and emphasize the uniqueness of local raw materials that can be tapped and processed through indigenous craft processes for use as alternative to exotic costume design with focus on Raffia products of Ikot Ekpene in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. However, this paper has situated a distinction of traditional crafts-production methods that will allow for the identification of handmade or traditional/indigenous craft-products that are capable of replacing the foreign products in the area of costume design. The paper debunked the perception that indigenous crafts are for mere decoration and figments of fantasy and established their utilization, as costumes designed for artistic performances. Finally, the study recommends for indigenous crafts with local raw materials, especially the Raffia products of Ikot Ekpene in Akwa Ibom State, in order to facilitate costume design products for artistic performances.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dora Nnanake Ekeke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ethics in Research: Principles, Practices, and Contemporary Challenges
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">This paper explores the ethical aspects of research that maintain integrity, accountability and social responsibility in research. It poses significant research problems: Why is it important to have research ethics in modern research? The study concludes that ethical principles can protect the participants, improve the credibility of the findings, and allow the public to trust the scientific and academic research. What are the philosophies and ethics to guide responsible research? The analysis identifies the approaches of Kantianism, Utilitarianism, Principalism and Deontology as basic approaches which influence ethical decision making and responsible actions. Should ethics be reflected in the research process in general? The paper shows that ethical issues must be considered throughout the research process, from problem formulation, research design, data collection, analysis, interpretation to dissemination. What are some of the big ethical issues of the day for researchers? The results indicate issues with informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, research integrity, plagiarism, recognition issues, conflict of interest and the rise of digital technologies and artificial intelligence. What are good ways to conduct research ethically and trustworthily? The study emphasizes transparency, honesty, informed consent, protection of vulnerable participants, accurate reporting, appropriate attribution and institutional oversight as vital practices. The paper concludes that ethical research is more than a regulatory "must," but the key component in better knowledge production, better protection of position of stakeholders, and better social value and reliability of knowledge products.
Research Ethics; Research Integrity; Informed Consent; Research Misconduct; Ethical Research Practices.
12 Years: My Messed up Love Story, A Romantic Novel by Chetan Bhagat
12 Years: My Messed up Love Story, A Romantic Novel by Chetan Bhagat, published by HarperCollins India, 2025.
Media Convergence and Gender, Class and Disability Inequalities in Nigeria
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Communication across the world has evolved with the help of technology and has created several avenues to voice out our needs, opinions, transfer knowledge and information globally. Recently, digitalization has brought about media convergence which is the merging of different forms of mass media. This research paper seeks to examine the relationship between media convergence and gender, class and disability inequalities in Nigeria. Specifically, the study analyses the impact of media convergence on the representation of gender, class and disabilities in Nigeria; the effect of media convergence on public discourse about inequality, the study equally explores the ways the marginalized groups use the benefit of media convergence to reduce inequalities in Nigeria. The study looks at Technological Determinism and Agenda Setting theory of the media. The study adopts the in-depth-Interview research method and nine participants were interviewed. After data collation and analysis, the researchers finds out that; the respondents to some extent understand the meaning of media convergence, they equally use the potential of digital media tools to promote their public image and they face challenges such as; limited technological access, exclusion of low-income populations due to class-based constraints, and inadequate opportunities for persons with disabilities. The study concludes that media convergence can be used to increase public awareness, foster equitable society and create sustainable environment in which gender, class and disability inequalities can be tacked constructively. The study therefore recommends that all stakeholders should utilize various media platforms to represent their voice and public image and the government should help the marginalized group by providing the new technological gadgets for them and organizing training on how to utilize the benefits of media convergence.
Media convergence, Gender, Class, Disability and Nigeria.