Integral Research (ISSN:3048-5991) (CODEN:IRABCA) serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse disciplines to come together and explore the intersections between their respective fields. From the natural sciences to the social sciences, from humanities to technology, we aim to foster dialogue and exchange of ideas that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. Our journal encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Sustainability and environmental studies Health and well-being Socio-economic development Cultural studies and diversity Technology and innovation Education and pedagogy Philosophy and ethics Arts and literature Integral Research seeks to publish high-quality original research, reviews, and theoretical perspectives that contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex issues facing our world today. By bringing together insights from multiple disciplines, we strive to provide innovative approaches and novel solutions to the pressing challenges of our time. We invite researchers and scholars from all backgrounds to join us on this intellectual journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us embark on a quest to integrate knowledge, transcend disciplinary boundaries, and advance the frontiers of human understanding. Journal indexing in some prominent directories and databases. GEORGIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EuroPub Directory of Academic And Scientific Journals SJIF SPI-Hub IPIndexing KindCongress Cosmos ResearchBib RJIF ROOTINDEXING Crossref
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The Ecosystem of the Western Ghats: A Study in the Context of India's Environmental and National Security
<span style="color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The Western Ghats mountain range, aligned parallel to India's western coast, is one of the richest regions in the world. This region is not only a significant reservoir of natural resources but is also crucial for the balance of water, life, climate, biodiversity, and ecological stability. Currently, due to increasing human activities, industrialization, mining, deforestation, urbanization, climate change, and other factors, the ecosystem of the Western Ghats has become endangered.
Ecosystem, India's Environmental and National Security, Ecological Balance, Deforestation, Hydroelectric Projects and Dams.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Modern Social Change and the Mindset of Highly Educated Women: A Sociological Study of Buxar District, Bihar
The present research paper presents a sociological analysis of the mindset of highly educated women (postgraduates, professional degree holders, and Ph.D. scholars) in the selected blocks of Buxar district, Bihar, namely Buxar, Chausa, and Rajpur. The study examines their mental and psychological condition in the context of modern social transformation, including the expansion of education, media freedom, growing awareness of gender equality, and the persistence of traditional patriarchal norms. Based on a mixed-method approach involving surveys and semi-structured interviews, the study includes 200 highly educated women. The findings reveal that despite outward empowerment, most women internally experience “marginal consciousness” and “dialectical tension.” Family expectations, career balance, security-related concerns, and lack of social capital significantly affect their mental health and self-perception.
Modernization, Highly Educated Women, Mindset, Social Change, Buxar District, Patriarchy, Mental Health.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Inflation Targeting in India: A Decadal Study
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Rising prices have been prime focus of money management since 2016 in India. Central bank's target: keep consumer inflation close to 4 percent +/- 2 points. Initial numbers were good - quiet markets, stable numbers. But then there was 2020 and the year shook things up – pandemic waves, broken supply chains, and oil cost fluctuations. As it all happened, doubts arose as to whether the system could live up to the expectations. In this study, the success of this price goal is examined from 2016 to 2025. Sources of information include official records, previous reports and published information - not new surveys. The first was to establish confidence, the second to withstand storms beyond borders and the third to uncover deep-rooted flaws. Rain-fed farms don't have a one size fits all formula, factories are not scaled up and wages are insufficient. Rules are important - but also the realities, such as the informal sector, the weight of the food in baskets, and unexpected crop failures. The model had logic. Life outside models? Less predictable. Surprisingly, setting clear inflation goals seems to have boosted trust in central bank actions while taming wild price swings. Still, rising food costs keep causing trouble, on top of delayed effects across markets and repeated disruptions from production issues. Oddly enough, one way forward might be adjusting policies to better fit local economic realities instead of sticking strictly to standard models.
Inflation Targeting, Monetary Policy, RBI, Monetary Policy Committee, India, Post-Pandemic Economy.
Beyond Representation: Ambedkar on Caste and the Question of Social Transformation
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This research paper aims to revisit B. R. Ambedkar's socio-political philosophy by exploring the interplay between caste and contemporary social transformation. It argues that Ambedkar's critique of democracy is incomplete if representation is seen as the end rather than a means to dismantle the caste system. This study addresses three major issues. First, it critically analyses how caste remains a structuring force in democratic life and impacts access to voices, recognition, and institutional power. Second, it demonstrates that representational limits can be traced in identity politics; symbolic inclusion is realized, but it does not result in the emancipation of the marginalized groups. Third, it establishes the concept of fraternity as one of the foundations when developing the foundation of freedom and equality in Indian democracy. In this context, fraternity stands out as the most conclusive idea of Indian democracy. This paper argues that Ambedkar does not just offer a theory of representation but also a critical approach towards social change wherein the term fraternity is critical to give democracy a social aspect that would make it morally sound.
Caste, Social Transformation, Identity Politics, Freedom of Speech, Public Sphere, Fraternity, Indian Democracy.
Social Dogmas Embedded in the Standpoint to Hamper Approbation of Feminism in the Human Being as Reflected in Behind the Veil by Rashid Jahan
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Feminism is the concept that lays the foundation of society. Understanding feminism in true sense is the precondition to sustain it and to sustain feminism is the most vital requisite to build a strong society. After understanding feminism, we can observe that it is violated at different levels. What blurs the understanding of feminism is the custom we follow, and the dogmas we accept incontrovertibly. When we don’t analyze and evaluate dogmas and are completely immersed in those, they tend to lead us towards the harm of humanity; not always but most of the times. Feminism is attacked the most brutally by the dogmas which are built to support patriarchy or male dominance. This picture of society engrossed by the dogmas is reflected at many places in literature. Behind the Veil, originally written in Urdu with the title ‘Parde ke Peeche’, by Rashid Jahan is one of the best example of diminished feminism due to the mist of dogmas. It reveals how feminism is brutally tormented, as everybody seems to be completely engrossed by social dogmas. The present paper attempts a discussion on how feminism is hampered at different levels during this powerful One-Act play- Behind the Veil.
Feminism, Patriarchy, dogmas, male dominance, humanity
This poem portrays the struggle of a radiant, truthful force symbolized by the sun, trapped in a suffocating, dark environment. Despite being surrounded by oppressive shadows and forced into isolation, it continues to distribute light with honesty and resilience. The darkness represents hostile forces that appear companionable yet inherently destructive. In such conditions, the poem suggests that persistent resistance—even through painful संघर्ष—is preferable to surrender or self-destruction. The act of colliding with barriers becomes a metaphor for survival and defiance. Though misunderstood by others as self-harm, this struggle preserves fragments of light, hope, and identity for the future, ensuring that existence and purpose are not entirely extinguished.
Paradigmatic Shifts in the Dynamics of Success: Aggressive Marketing Through Digital Culture
This essay examines the emergence of a new ideology shaped by digital culture, where influence, visibility, and success are increasingly driven by aggressive marketing and sensationalism. It argues that excessive emphasis on ritualistic religiosity and superficial narratives has diverted attention from innovation, critical thinking, and human potential, particularly among youth. Digital platforms, while enabling rapid information exchange, have also facilitated the spread of misinformation, propaganda, and emotionally manipulative content, disrupting social harmony and rational discourse. The rise of influencers and controversy-driven engagement reflects a shift from value-based achievement to visibility-based success. The essay further highlights the role of digital technology in enabling surveillance, control, and commercialization, contributing to cyber-crime and ethical decline. It calls for responsible and informed use of technology, emphasizing the need for digital literacy, critical awareness, and a reorientation toward constructive, ethical, and progressive engagement in an increasingly digitized world.
A Comparative Study of the Educational Attitudes of Students Studying at the Secondary Level in Government and Private Schools
The present study, titled “A Comparative Study of the Educational Attitudes of Students Studying at the Secondary Level in Government and Private Schools,” focuses on analyzing the educational attitudes of students at the secondary level. The secondary stage is considered a transitional phase in a student’s life, during which their thinking, personality, goal-setting, and educational outlook are shaped. The educational attitude developed at this stage significantly influences students’ academic achievement, discipline, self-motivation, and future educational and career decisions. The primary objective of this study is to compare the educational attitudes of male and female students studying in government and private secondary schools, and to determine whether any significant difference exists between the two groups. The study adopts the survey method for data collection. A total sample of 200 students (100 from government schools and 100 from private schools) from the Bijnor district was selected through random sampling, ensuring equal representation of both types of schools. The research tool used was a self-constructed educational attitude questionnaire developed by the researcher. This instrument assessed the cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of students’ attitudes toward education, school, teachers, curriculum, examinations, and the learning process. The collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and critical ratio. Under the first hypothesis, the educational attitudes of male students were compared between government and private schools, revealing a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Similarly, under the second hypothesis, the analysis of female students also indicated a significant difference, as the obtained values exceeded the level of significance. The findings of the study clearly indicate that students (both boys and girls) studying in private schools at the secondary level exhibit more positive educational attitudes compared to their counterparts in government schools. This difference may be attributed to factors such as school environment, availability of resources, teaching methods, parental support, and a competitive atmosphere. The study provides valuable insights for improving the quality of education, ensuring equal opportunities, and guiding educational reforms. The conclusions drawn from this research can serve as a useful guide for policymakers, educators, and administrators to strengthen positive educational attitudes among students in government schools by enhancing the learning environment and implementing motivational strategies. Thus, the present study makes a meaningful contribution to attitude-related research in the field of secondary education.
Reading Gender through the Lens of Law: The Case of Phulmonee Dasi and Rukmabai
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This article discusses the impact of the Act of Consent Laws on the women of the nineteenth century. I have discussed the laws pertaining to women in the late nineteenth century. I discuss the Age of Consent law, which dragged on for many years as modernists and traditionalists were divided in their opinion on raising the age of consent from ten to twelve for girls for the consummation of marriage. Other laws regarding child marriage, property laws, the right for widows to remarry, infant mortality, and patrilocality laws are also discussed. I have also taken two case studies of Rukhamaibai, who was a child bride who refused to consummate her marriage and Phulmonee Dasi, a child bride married to Hari Mohan Maitee, who raped her. To both goes the credit of starting a discourse on the age of consent.
Feminine Sensibility, mythology, culture, tradition, Letters.
Changing Nature of Youth Nationalism in Contemporary India
*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:bc929a24-16bb-4493-9c96-42e0579ff333-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> This research paper presents an analysis of the evolving concept of contemporary Indian youth and its interrelationship with nationalism. It highlights that the identity of youth today is not merely defined by age, but by energy, creativity, efficiency, and a transformative vision. In the context of globalization, digital media, and social pressures, the youth is caught in a dual process—striving to establish a global identity while simultaneously attempting to remain connected to cultural roots and traditions. The study reveals that contemporary youth, in their effort to balance modernity and tradition, often experience psychological, social, and ideological conflicts. Despite these challenges, their dynamism, innovation, and active participation in socio-political spheres play a crucial role in nation-building. Furthermore, the growing inclination toward self-reliance, the rise of startup culture, and increased social awareness are contributing new dimensions to nationalism. At the same time, issues such as indiscipline, the desire for instant success, excessive Western influence, and neglect of health pose serious challenges. Through its research questions, the study concludes that youth cannot be confined to an age-based definition; they are navigating the tensions between modernity and tradition, actively shaping nationalism, and, despite partial detachment, attempting to reconnect with their cultural roots. However, challenges related to discipline and mental balance continue to hinder their holistic development. Therefore, if youth move forward with a strong sense of duty, cultural consciousness, and self-discipline, they can significantly contribute to shaping a more constructive and progressive form of nationalism.
Poverty in Academic Institutions: An Analysis of Structural Deficits, Sociological Implications and Reform Pathways in The Indian Context
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">This paper conducts a deep analytical study of poverty, as it takes place in and through Indian educational institutions. Employing an interdisciplinary approach that synthesises sociological, educational economic and public policy analysis, the research analyses the role of structural resource allocation, pedagogic, and governance shortfalls in reproducing socioeconomic inequality for students, teachers, and employees. The study synthesises insights from the All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE), National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) publications and district-level educational audits to map critical structural deficiencies. The paper also considers the sociological consequences of poverty - such as the perpetuation of caste-based hierarchy, gender inequity, and rural-urban educational inequality. Using a critical approach that builds on Pierre Bourdieu's cultural capital theory, Paulo Freire's pedagogy of the oppressed, and Amartya Sen's capability analysis, the paper diagnoses the problem and suggests a multi-faceted reform agenda. The research points to the fact that poverty in Indian education is systemic, requiring structural reforms in finance, governance, curriculum, and social policy. Reforms include participatory budgeting, recasting of need-based scholarships, democratising of digital technologies, and accountability measures based on equity indicators.
Poverty, higher education, structural deficiencies, social inequality, India, education policy, Bourdieu, capability approach, caste, equity.
Queer Congruity and Emotional Verisimilitude in Boys Don't Cry
This paper examines several deep and powerful themes, predominantly centred around gender identity, detestation for transgender people, societal dogmatism, inclination, ferocity. The film Boys Don’t Cry explores all the compelling themes through Brandon Teena’s and Lana Tisdel’s cognitive and emotional effects as a consequence of loathe and incomprehension wretched metaphorically represented here. Beyond specific accounts, the story serves as an imitation to raise consciousness of the omnipresent problem in the society. This research paper also accentuates paramount missive to the society like approbation concession transgender identities, catastrophic embodiment of laddishness, endearment should not be provisory, call for magnanimity and humanization. The research paper delves into Brandon’s swedge to inhabit veritably aggressive environment, his forage for endearment, affirmation and the callous repercussion he faces after his identity is divulged. Through a vehemently puissant narrative, Hilary Swank delivers an Academy Award-winning performance that enlightens Brandon’s anecdote and brings attention to the real-life precariousness faced by transgender individuals. Boys Don’t Cry serves as both a panegyric to Brandon’s intrepidity and a cynical rebuke of a society that malfunctions to inoculate its most impuissant.
Gender Inequality, Gender Norms, Societal norms
Copyright (c) 2026 Rawal Kharat, Rohan Joshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Zen Essence in Only Yesterday by Studio Ghibli
Only Yesterday is one of the most meditative films made by Studio Ghibli. Unlike many animated stories which tend to focus on dramatic conflict, sensationalism, and action, Only Yesterday relies on introspection, internal conflict, and contemplation to reveal its story. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the film using the perspective of Zen Buddhism. In particular, the paper focuses on how Only Yesterday's themes and motifs are compatible with major tenets of Zen Buddhism. This paper will consider how mindfulness of ordinary life moments is expressed in the film; how the theme of impermanence is explored through memory and the transition between different times in one's life; and how non-attachment to one's identity is depicted. In addition, the paper will examine how silence, pauses, and emptiness function in the film as expressions associated with ma, which is an important element in Zen aesthetics. Finally, it will explore the film's portrayal of the protagonist as someone who accepts her current circumstances and is aware of herself as part of the world around her, as opposed to someone trying to change the circumstances to better suit her needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Akshay Gururani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Representing Death in Song-poems: The Example of Robert Ebizimor's Popular Music
This paper examines how death is designated among the Izọn people in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria, in their popular music. The motivation is that there have been no significant attempts by scholars to investigate the music from this consideration to bring fresh perspective to the discourse of death as a literary theme. The paper analyses moral and religious ideas build around death, in order to highlight their contribution to the thematic import of the music. The paper uses the qualitative method to analyse the lyrics/song poems extracted from two music tracks by Robert Ebizimor. This is enhanced by the sociological functionalist theory which seeks to interpret the roles of cultural practices and activities carried-out by a society. The paper concentrates on death at ripe time, arguing that death is valued and celebrated, in terms of longevity and the usefulness of life lived. These aspects are thoughtfully linked with the moral and religious significance of an individual’s death. Conclusively, the paper reiterates that death is a necessary end, which offers the living rare moments for moral and religious edification, to better the society; a reason death continues to feature as a powerful and relevant literary theme.
death, Izọn people, popular music, theme, song-poems, Robert Ebizimor, moral ideas, religious ideas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebiketonmor Opomu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identity and Agency in Edna and Umaro as Foils or Twins
The paper probes into the themes of identity and agency in Edna from The Awakening and Umrao from Umrao Jan Ada, highlighting their similarities and contrasts within late nineteenth-century patriarchal societies. It explores how Edna’s privileged but dependent being curtails her autonomy, resulting in only a partial awakening, while on the other hand Umrao’s marginalised existence as a courtesan grants her economic independence and greater self-awareness. The paper argues that while both women struggle against societal constraints, their responses differ significantly. Edna succumbs to isolation and self-destruction, whereas Umrao adopts reflection and resilience. It further emphasizes how class, race, and economic power shape their experiences of freedom and oppression. The comparative analysis reveals that both characters challenge conventional gender roles, yet ultimately become foils in their choices and destinies. The study concludes that true agency is also tied to economic independence and self-realization.
Agency, Identity, Privileged existence, Transgression, Discrimination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Apoorva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study of Computational Semantics in the Interpretation of Poems
This study justifies the need for the application of computational semantics in the interpretation of poems. Computational semantics is a discipline of natural language expressions of how to model, represent, and reason with them. Computational semantics is a cross-disciplinary study that draws on linguistics, logic, computer science, and artificial intelligence. However, for the purpose of this study, this study concern will be limited to the use of WordNet in the interpretation of poems. WordNet is a Semantic tool that uses a large database of English, where nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets), each expressing a distinct concept. Synsets are interlinked by means of conceptual semantics and lexical relations, which results in network of meaningfully related words and concepts that can be navigated with the browser. Consequently, this tool is used in the analysis and interpretation of the poems; “Crossing the Bar”, by Alfred Lord Tennyson and “The Pulley” by George Herbert. Both poems are metaphysical in nature, and metaphysical poems are known for their intriguing cognitive dimensions which usually poses interpretative challenge to an average reader. Basically because, metaphysical poems are characterized by metaphysical wits and conceits. Subsequently, this study is anchored on the E-Learning Theory, which emphasizes how technologies can be used and designed to create new learning opportunities and to promote effective learning. Finally, the study discovers that the application of WordNet in the interpretation of these poems enhanced a better understanding of the poems because the tool (WordNet), simplified the mystical undertone associated with the poems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anthony James (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Shifting Habitats on Migratory Bird Populations: An Evaluation
World migration is a normal activity in the world of birds. Generally, Birds migrate in a year sometimes they migrate twice a year. Birds migrate to one area to another area. They migrate one area to other area for breeding and climate purpose and many more regions. Normally the time of migrations seems to be controlled by chance and day length. A lot of migrate birds using Sun and Stars for their navigating. Iin those days the pattern of migrating birds is changing because they are facing several problems just like pollutions, weather change, climate change etc. Mostly the shifting of habitat is causes of climate change. Due to date the migrate species are facing too much risk.
Navigate, migrate climate change, weather change, shifting of habitat, migrate species, Fragmentation, breeding area, wintering sites, wetlands, Risks of Collision, loss connectivity.
Suitable Conditions for Freshwater Fish in India and Their Evaluation
The significant food component of Indian is fish and fish related aquaculture. In our country India a fish and aquaculture production is in good condition face is a major food part of Indian people. This area has in current times approximately 2 million people involved and thus it is quite a prominent and important area of Indian food. India has near out 7% of fish production of whole world and contributes 1.2% in GDP of India. During these times this industry is experiencing numerous issues because of over pollution and over production. Here a wide analysis for these problems.
Fish disease, opportunistic pathogens, aquaculture production, elaborated, stocking density.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Man not only values that which simply satisfies a desire but also has the capacity to evaluate choices in terms of their ability in promoting a good life. Kant argued that rational beings are ends in themselves not because they have reason but because they have freedom. According to Kant, it is not wild liberty but pure, rational concept of moral autonomy that enables a human being to access the universal, unconditional, universalisable supreme principle of morality.i.e to be able to choose one's maxims of action which perfectly tune with law of duty. He recognises himself as a self-legislator rather than just being blindly governed by external compulsion. Kant considered freedom as the highest value in man's life which attributes moral self or dignity to a sentient being.
Maxims, freedom of choice,moral autonomy
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Maitreyee Mukherjee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The paper endeavours to explain the association between religion,tourism and development by presenting eleven case studies of religious sites in India and around the world which showed the facts of increasing number of tourists in all religious places and the religious authorities ,local government ,state government and national tourism ministry have done enough investment expenditure on religious place centric development which are sustainable in context of community development,preservation of socio-cultural heritage,increasing communications,infrastructure,business and employment including regional development.Growth-led religious tourism spread the religious education,spiritual upliftment,international cooperation and national integrity and increased government revenues.
religion, religious tourism, development, religious sites, temple centric development expenditure
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Debesh Bhowmik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review of I. A. Charles’ It is Never Late
The book It Is Never Late is a one hundred and eight page motivational and inspirational debut of Pastor I. A. Charles, the Senior Pastor of God's Power Dominion Ministries International Located at INEC Road, Kpansia, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The gospel minister is a mechanical engineer transformed to an ebullient, passionate, dutiful and result-oriented messenger of God. It was published in 2014 by Eagles Publishing House of the same INEC Road, Kpansia, Yenagoa. The imagery and artistry of the front cover portray an elegant time piece strategically positioned as it indicates a definite time. It is a prompt reminder of the concept of time which is divine and eternal.
Copyright (c) 2026 Onyeka Ike (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Climatic Changes on Aquatic Fauna of District Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
District Shahjahanpur, situated in the Rohilkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, is drained by the Garha, Khannaut, Deoha, Kali Nadi, and Kathna rivers, along with numerous seasonal streams, oxbow lakes, and ponds. These aquatic ecosystems harbour rich freshwater biodiversity including ichthyofauna, amphibians, molluscs, and crustaceans. The present study (2020–2024) investigates the multifaceted impacts of climate change on the aquatic fauna of the district through field surveys, water quality monitoring, hydrological records, and socio-ecological interviews. Results indicate a mean annual temperature rise of 1.4°C over two decades, a 27% reduction in mean annual river discharge of the Garha River, a threefold increase in dry-bed days per year, and dissolved oxygen decline of 25% during the pre-monsoon period. These changes correlate with significant population declines (38–62%) in ecologically sensitive species including Tor tor (mahseer), Mystus seenghala, and Bagarius bagarius. Breeding phenology shifts, thermal kill events, and habitat fragmentation are documented as key mechanisms of impact. Conservation recommendations are provided including minimum environmental flow mandates, riparian buffer restoration, seasonal fishing bans, and wetland protection under the Wetlands Rules, 2017.
Climate change, Aquatic fauna, Shahjahanpur, Ichthyofauna, Rohilkhand, Freshwater biodiversity
Technology in Craft-Building: The Experience of 2024 UNIUYO Model Theatre Fashion Crafts Session
This study examines the concept of technology in craft-building, as a critical framework for enhancing creativity, self-reliance and sustainability within theatre praxis. It situates craft-building at the intersection of manual skill, art and technology, arguing that the integration of contemporary technological techniques with indigenous knowledge systems fosters innovative approaches to the production of costumes, theatrical props as well as general visual design elements. Drawing on both practical experimentation and theoretical discourse, the paper explores how technologically based skills in craft-building can empower theatre practitioners to produce essential performance materials with the use of locally sourced resources. The study further interrogates the evolving role of craft within the knowledge-driven and digital age, highlighting continued relevance despite increasing dominance of industrial and mechanized production systems. Adopting a practice-based methodology, including demonstrations conducted during the 2024 University of Uyo (UNIUYO) Model Theatre Fashion Crafts Session, the research documents the processes involved in creation of selected craft items such as fascinators, traditional costume accessories and bridal hand fans. These case studies illustrate the application of creativity, technical skills as well as resourcefulness in achieving aesthetic and functional outcomes appropriate for theatrical productions. Findings of the study reveal that while theatre practitioners array willingness to engage in independent production, there still exist significant gap in training, skill acquisition and technical knowledge. The paper underscores the fundamentals of structured pedagogical interventions, which include hands-on training, workshops to develop competencies in the technology of craft-building. The paper submits that the integration of technology in craft-building does not only enhance the authenticity and visual quality of theatrical productions, but they also contribute towards preservation of indigenous crafts, reducing production costs, and supporting the advancement of a more self-sustaining theatre practice in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dora Nnanake Ekeke, Dr. Margaret Gregory Akpan, Dr. Nnanake Emmanuel Ekeke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:ad55db2b-313e-434e-8dc2-0452bae4b33d-10" data-testid="conversation-turn-18" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> The two poems reflect themes of love, strength, and the deeper meaning of success in life. “My Sweet Mom” is a heartfelt tribute to a mother’s unconditional love, portraying her as a source of strength, guidance, and protection. The poet expresses admiration for her ability to solve problems, provide support, and stand as a constant pillar in every situation, highlighting the emotional bond and respect shared between child and mother. “True Victory” shifts to a philosophical tone, redefining victory beyond material success, power, or conquest. It emphasizes that true victory lies in survival, empathy, and inner peace rather than domination or conflict. Through reflective repetition, the poem suggests that genuine triumph is achieved through humanity, compassion, and moral strength. Together, both poems celebrate emotional resilience, love, and the importance of values over superficial achievements.
This poem presents a deeply emotional portrayal of a woman’s inner world, her sacrifices, struggles, and strength. The poet depicts a woman as someone who hides pain and turmoil within, yet carries a smile on her lips. She gives life, love, and light to others while silently enduring suffering herself. She is hardworking, devoted, and resilient, dedicating herself to the happiness of her family and society. Despite often facing neglect and humiliation, she continues to fulfill her responsibilities without complaint. She possesses immense inner strength and the potential to reach great heights, yet she sacrifices her own dreams for the sake of others. Ultimately, the poem celebrates a woman as the foundation of all relationships and a symbol of selfless sacrifice. It expresses deep respect and reverence for her enduring spirit and invaluable contributions.
Tharu Tribe of India: Tracing Contours of Livelihood, Employment and Financial Inclusion
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">Tribes, due to their geographical distribution in inhospitable terrains such as forest and mountains, have historically led a life away from the mainstream where the modern development has taken place and have subsequently remained largely restricted to their primitive modes of production and sustenance. While their lives are in better consonance with Nature and have contributed to preservation of natural ecosystem, it has also restricted their access to health, education and employment facilities, as a result of which their voices have lingered on the periphery and it has manifested in the lack of adequate representation at the political level, policy making and decision power. While the modern state, and even before that, the colonial administration has claimed ownership on their natural habitat to extract resources, they have not been benefited proportionately, rather they have been displaced and disinherited in some instances, further pushing them into poverty and backwardness. This paper deals with the traditional livelihoods methods of Tharu Tribe of India, the changes thereto due to the interaction with and interference of the modern state and policies, various government efforts for their economic empowerment and financial inclusion, their impact, emerging scenarios, existing structural barriers, the tribe’s aspirations and the way forward. The paper adopts descriptive, and analytical approach and relies upon the government data, limited participant observation and interaction, books, research papers, and newspaper reports etc.
Tharu, Tribe, Financial Inclusion, Marginalization, Livelihood.
Beyond the Golden Threshold: Reimagining Sita’s Inner World in Kumudini’s Letters from the Palace
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;">In the contemporary transnational impulse, Ramayana has taken a new relevance all over the world. Embellished with the core issues of culture and tradition, it has been set as an example of morality amidst the society since ages. Contemporary socio-cultural issues like loyalty, family roles, feminine sensibility, environmental concern and the dilemma of choices and power-centres are well depicted in the form of mythical lore through this ancient epic. In Search of Sita: Revisiting Mythology (2009), an anthology edited by Malashri Lal and Namita Gokhale comprises of essays, commentaries, interviews and creative writings by eminent writers, presenting various crisscross dimensions of Sita, the leading female protagonist of Ramayana. The general perception about Sita’s character is her submissiveness, devoted conjugal sincerity, sacrificing ability and her unquestioning loyalty which present her as an archetypal figure in Indian society. Present paper intends to focus on the feminine sensibility of this ancient mythological figure, depicted by Kumudini in her short essay “Letters from the Palace” very effectively and artistically. The eminent Tamil author Kumudini has humanized the Sita myth by writing about Sita’s imagined letters to her mother equipped with true feelings, emotions, longings and the psychology of a newly-wedded woman.
Islam as Terrorists: Analysis of Kenyan Newspaper Stereotypes and the Driving Factors
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: .75pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: bevel; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: HI;">In the 2025 Global Terrorism Index Report, the number of countries experiencing terrorist incidents increased from 58 to 66, with an evident upsurge in attacks. Kenya was ranked among the top 20 worst-hit countries in the world. Another report released by the Kenyan government in 2024 found that more than 500 lives had been lost to terrorism between 1998 and 2023. In these attacks, the media have linked terrorism to Islam, labeling Muslims as ‘terrorists’; associating them with broader violent networks, and reinforcing stereotypes that fuel radicalisation, targeting over 2 billion Muslims worldwide. These biased narratives have fostered mistrust and discrimination, affecting law enforcement and policymakers from building trust and promoting peace; thereby hindering counter-extremism strategies. Even though studies have been conducted in this area, the incessant worsening situation calls for more in-depth research to understand this phenomenon better and to provide resolutions. This study, therefore, developed two objectives to unravel the research problem. It examined how the print media reinforced stereotypes about Islam in the context of terrorist attacks, and also identified and analysed the factors that influenced print media framing of stereotypical stories about Islam in the context terrorism attacks in Kenya. Guided by framing and gatekeeping theories, the study adopted a descriptive survey research design and used a mixed-methods approach for data collection. In the mixed methods, the study utilised qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative, content analysis was conducted on 676 copies of Standard and Nation newspapers, complemented by interviews with 24 key informants drawn from journalists, religious leaders, media scholars, and counter-terrorism/security experts. For the quantitative data, the study used quantitative content analysis, which measured the frequency of words, themes, and phrases linking Islam to terrorism. Findings have indicated that media reporting often departed from formal guidelines, systematically reinforcing stereotypes that have represented Islam as terrorism sympathiser and perpetrator. This hegemonic bias has undermined counter-extremism strategies in Kenya by fueling mistrust and radicalisation. The study has therefore recommended incorporating religion-sensitive and terrorism-sensitive reporting into journalism training, strengthening media policies and guidelines, and delicensing journalists who report in a way that advances tension, terrorism, and radicalisation, among others.
Radicalisation, Terrorism, Print Media, Islam, Muslims, counter-extremism
Oil Economy and the Niger Delta Quest for Liberation in Ben Binebai’s Drums of The Delta
Oil and gas flow ceaselessly in Nigeria's Niger Delta, sustaining the country’s economy. Despite the wealth these resources provide, the region has contended with marginalisation, environmental degradation, social injustice, and extreme poverty. These conditions of oppression propel and plunge the youths into a repeated cycle of revolution. Ben Binebai’s Drums of the Delta documents the oil politics in Nigeria and the Niger Delta revolutionary quest for liberation. However, because it is still assumed that facts and records about the Niger Delta sociopolitical and economic struggles are exclusive to fields other than drama, scholarly studies on Drums of the Delta are scarce regarding the politics surrounding the oil economy and the essence of the ageless Niger Delta struggle for freedom. Consequently, the play's significance as a veritable source for sustaining the existential struggles and educating audiences and readers about them is undermined. Therefore, this study interrogates oil politics in Nigeria and the Niger Delta's quest for liberation, as thematically portrayed in Drums of the Delta, using Karl Marx’s conflict theory as a theoretical anchor and drawing on literary and sociological approaches. The study finds that interest in oil wealth is the driving force behind politics in Nigeria and that the ultimate aim of the Niger Delta's struggle for liberation is to occupy a dominant position in the petro-economy. In conclusion, the play demonstrates the efficacy of drama in understanding the intrigues and dynamics of the politics and struggles characterising the Niger Delta region. The study recommends adopting docudrama, such as Drums of the Delta, to preserve history, educate readers/audiences, inspire action and solidarity, and provide a platform for the Niger Delta voice to be heard.
oil economy, Niger Delta, liberation struggle, conflict theory, drama.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fred Emi Brisibe, Augustina Ashionye-Obah Obamwonyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ragnarök: Identity crisis and gender discourses through Norse mythology in modern society
Ragnarök, a show on Netflix, is a representation of "a predetermined state or end." Everyone is trying to seek out who they are, yet nobody really knows. Due to problems with identity, perhaps all of the events of the Ragnarök will occur in this new, modern era. For this paper, we have selected Laurits and Isolde from this series. Their identity issues and conforming upbringing make them a unique character. My paper’s aim is to explore how Norse mythology can interpret LGBTQ people in modern society; it is embroiling traditional histories and culminating in components that resonate with LGBTQ identities and experiences. Furthermore, this paper is exerting Norse mythology by Neil Gaiman, The Gospel of Loki by Joanne Harris, Vouspos, Thrym by poetic Edda and Extraordinary Bodies by Rosemarie Garland Thomson books as secondary books. The paper employs Norse mythology, gender discourses, comparative literature, queer theory, and interdisciplinary approaches. This paper focuses on the sub-heroes Isolde and Laurits Seier and their connection with Norwegian modern society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arpita Roy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0