Beyond Representation: Ambedkar on Caste and the Question of Social Transformation

Abstract

This research paper aims to revisit B. R. Ambedkar's socio-political philosophy by exploring the interplay between caste and contemporary social transformation. It argues that Ambedkar's critique of democracy is incomplete if representation is seen as the end rather than a means to dismantle the caste system.  This study addresses three major issues. First, it critically analyses how caste remains a structuring force in democratic life and impacts access to voices, recognition, and institutional power. Second, it demonstrates that representational limits can be traced in identity politics; symbolic inclusion is realized, but it does not result in the emancipation of the marginalized groups. Third, it establishes the concept of fraternity as one of the foundations when developing the foundation of freedom and equality in Indian democracy. In this context, fraternity stands out as the most conclusive idea of Indian democracy. This paper argues that Ambedkar does not just offer a theory of representation but also a critical approach towards social change wherein the term fraternity is critical to give democracy a social aspect that would make it morally sound.